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To better understand patient heterogeneity, this study sought to identify meaningful subgroups\/classes underlying the population based on characteristic groupings, followed by determining whether CM effectiveness varied between these subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Baseline characteristics (evidenced\/theorised to impact CM effectiveness) of participants with OUD from the PRAISe trial (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009552) were empirically examined using latent class analysis. Model selection was based on fit statistics and interpretability. Class was then evaluated as a potential moderator of CM effectiveness on abstinence from heroin using a mixed effects model (consistent with the PRAISe trial analysis).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A four\u2010class solution best described the population: (1) Less clinically complex\/low alcohol dependence\/high motivation to quit heroin (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009115); (2) More clinically complex\/low alcohol\/high motivation (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009287); (3) More clinically complex\/high alcohol\/high motivation (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200973); and (4) More clinically complex\/moderate alcohol\/low motivation (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200977). CM for Attendance, previously shown to increase heroin abstinence in the overall study sample, was more effective than no CM for participants in class (1) and (2) exclusively (OR\u2009=\u20095.21; 95% CI 1.25, 21.78 and OR\u2009=\u20091.87; 95% CI 1.03, 3.40, respectively). CM targeted at abstinence, previously shown to not be effective compared to no CM overall, was not effective in any class.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CM targeted at attendance is more effective for two subgroups of the OUD population characterised by either less complex clinical presentation and\/or low dependence on alcohol. Individual differences may therefore inform a targeted CM treatment approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:49:44Z","timestamp":1791380984000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impact of Heterogeneity in Individual Characteristics and Motivation to Quit Heroin Use on Contingency Management and Opioid Agonist Treatment Response: A Latent Class Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4477-2226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"MacGregor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3437-3556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health &amp; Social Work Middlesex University  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5413-2725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Strang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Addiction Centre Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7361-8202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Pilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology Department University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3581-1703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Metrebian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Addiction Centre Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0620-7868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberley","family":"Goldsmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"D. 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