{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:56:16Z","timestamp":1790823376116,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Combined Surveillance and Monitoring of Seized Samples (CoSMoSS) program is a joint harm reduction initiative between NSW Health and NSW Police Force. Here, we examine the contents and purity of a sample of seized suspected target drugs (cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine and 3,4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine \u2018MDMA\u2019).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between January 2021 and March 2025, 3378 street drug samples seized during routine operations by NSW Police Force within music festivals or specified geographic regions and suspected by police to contain a target drug were selected for expedited quantitative analysis with GC\u2013MS, with results available within 1\u2009month.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As expected, most samples contained at least one target drug. About 1 in 6 samples (16.5%) were found to contain at least one adulterant and 3.9% of samples contained a novel psychoactive substance, including dipentylone, nitazenes, fentanyl analogues and novel benzodiazepines. Purity information is presented; median MDMA tablet dose was 104\u2009mg and capsule dose was 64\u2009mg (free base) and was higher in more recent years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Some rarer substances with higher or unknown risk potential, including novel psychoactive substance, were detected. Adulteration of cocaine and methamphetamine with opioids and high variability in MDMA purity and dose, remain public health issues. CoSMoSS helps inform harm reduction messaging. Analysis of seized substances provides high\u2010quality objective information about illicit drug contents and purity, enabling dissemination to the community when high risk substances are identified. These findings can also inform harm reduction messaging and programs and are monitored within the NSW Health drug early warning system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:52:51Z","timestamp":1790736771000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Quantitative Analysis of Street\u2010Level Drugs Seized in New\u00a0South Wales, Australia: Purity, Dose and Adulterants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8896-1188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janette L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alcohol and Other Drugs NSW Ministry of Health  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8203-4983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine A.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alcohol and Other Drugs NSW Ministry of Health  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"NSW Police Force","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6000-7946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Ewers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illicit Drugs Analysis Unit NSW Health Pathology, Forensic &amp; Analytical Science Service  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1952-6697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsey E.","family":"Seyfang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illicit Drugs Analysis Unit NSW Health Pathology, Forensic &amp; Analytical Science Service  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2220-0291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily D.","family":"Bottero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illicit Drugs Analysis Unit NSW Health Pathology, Forensic &amp; Analytical Science Service  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6855-3865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared A.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alcohol and Other Drugs NSW Ministry of Health  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9546-1939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanjira","family":"Jiranantakan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alcohol and Other Drugs NSW Ministry of Health  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"NSW Poisons Information Centre Sydney Children's Hospitals Network  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Edith Collins Centre, Drug Health Services Royal Prince Alfred Hospital  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13412"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Australian Drug Trends 2025: Key Findings From the National Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) Interviews","author":"Sutherland R.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Australian Drug Trends 2025: Key Findings From the National Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS) Interviews","author":"Sutherland R.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Illicit Drug Data Report 2020\u201321","author":"Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"The Loop Australia \u201cVictoria's Drug Checking Service: Service Report. Beyond the Valley Multi\u2010Day Festival 28\u201331 December 2024 \u201dMarch 2025 accessed October 21 2025 https:\/\/www.vicpilltesting.org.au\/s\/BTV\u2010public\u2010report\u201003032025.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"CanTEST \u201cCanTEST Health and Drug Checking Service 2022\u20132024: The First Two Years \u201dAugust 2024 accessed October 21 2025 https:\/\/cantest.com.au\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/CanTEST\u2010Two\u2010Year\u2010Report\u20102023\u201024.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"The Loop Australia \u201cCheQpoint 12 Month Evaluation Report: April 2024 to April 2025 \u201d2025 accessed October 21 2025 https:\/\/df19f438\u20100c9f\u2010454a\u20109c1f\u20109cbf26109075.usrfiles.com\/ugd\/df19f4_136fa008197842cdb83a579e73bb2493.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"Final Report: Evaluation of Queensland Drug Checking Services 2025","author":"Salom C. L.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"NSW Ministry of Health \u201cGuidelines for Music Festival Event Organisers: Music Festival Harm Reduction \u201d2024 accessed 2 June 2025 https:\/\/www.health.nsw.gov.au\/aod\/Publications\/music\u2010festival\u2010guidelines.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"NSW Health \u201cUpdated: Illicit Cocaine Containing High Levels of lidocaine. Safety Information 014\/25 \u201d2025 accessed 28 October 2025 https:\/\/www.health.nsw.gov.au\/sabs\/Documents\/2025\u2010si\u2010014.PDF."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2529-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2000.00121.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70140"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.70038"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"NSW Health \u201cMultiple Opioid Overdoses Following Use of Cocaine \u201d2025 accessed October 28 2025 https:\/\/www.health.nsw.gov.au\/aod\/public\u2010drug\u2010alerts\/Pages\/opioid\u2010overdose\u2010cocaine\u2010sep25.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"NSW Health \u201cPrescription Recreational and Illicit Substance Evaluation (PRISE) Program Activity Report July 2018\u2013December 2021 \u201d2023 accessed October 28 2025 https:\/\/www.health.nsw.gov.au\/aod\/programs\/Publications\/prise\u2010summary\u2010report\u20102018\u20102021.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime \u201cAfghanistan Opium Survey 2025 \u201d2025 accessed December 9 2025 https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/crop\u2010monitoring\/Afghanistan\/Afghanistan_Opium_Survey_2025.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","article-title":"Old Drugs and New Challenges: A Narrative Review of Nitazenes","volume":"15","author":"Pergolizzi J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"The Loop Australia \u201cVictoria's Drug Checking Service: Service Report: Pitch Music & Arts Multi\u2010Day Festival 7\u20139 March 2025 \u201d2025 accessed November 4 2025 https:\/\/www.theloop.org.au\/_files\/ugd\/d18f30_ce9a527b854c436db8772f64342d745b.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","unstructured":"The Loop Austraila \u201cVictoria's Drug Checking Service: Service Report: Ultra Australia Single Day Festival 12 April 2025 \u201d2025 accessed November 4 2025 https:\/\/www.theloop.org.au\/_files\/ugd\/93f1b8_a4c2bb9b17954bd0ad5b01116d0f9a03.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/011570159X410522251117060555"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","unstructured":"NSW Health \u201c\u2018Red Bull\u2019 Logo Red\/Orange Rectangular Tablets Sold as MDMA (Ecstasy) Found to Contain a Nitazene (Potent Opioid) and no MDMA \u201d2024 accessed October 28 2025 https:\/\/www.health.nsw.gov.au\/aod\/public\u2010drug\u2010alerts\/Pages\/nitazenes\u2010mdma\u2010red\u2010bull\u2010Jan24.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare \u201cNational Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022\u20132023 Report \u201d2025 accessed October 28 2025 https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/illicit\u2010use\u2010of\u2010drugs\/national\u2010drug\u2010strategy\u2010household\u2010survey\/contents\/about."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70202"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.70270","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dar.70270","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.70270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:09:21Z","timestamp":1790820561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dar.70270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dar.70270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.70270","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-5236","1465-3362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-5236","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70270"}}