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Keratinolytic enzymes, e.g. hydrolases and keratinases, are important virulence factors of <jats:italic>T.\u00a0rubrum<\/jats:italic>. Recently, the cysteine dioxygenase was found as new virulence factor. Predisposing host factors play a similarly important role for the development of dermatophytosis of the skin and nails. Chronic venous insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, disorders of cellular immunity, and genetic predisposition should be considered as risk factors for onychomycosis. A new alarming trend is the increasing number of cases of onychomycosis \u2013 mostly due to <jats:italic>T.\u00a0rubrum<\/jats:italic> \u2013 in infancy.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In Germany, tinea capitis is mostly caused by zoophilic dermatophytes, in particular <jats:italic>Microsporum canis<\/jats:italic>. New zoophilic fungi, primarily <jats:italic>Trichophyton<\/jats:italic> species of <jats:italic>Arthroderma benhamiae<\/jats:italic>, should be taken into differential diagnostic considerations of tinea capitis, tinea faciei, and tinea corporis. Source of infection are small household pets, particularly rodents, like guinea pigs. Anthropophilic dermatophytes may be introduced by families which immigrate from Africa or Asia to Europe. The anthropophilic dermatophytes <jats:italic>T.\u00a0violaceum<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>T.\u00a0tonsurans<\/jats:italic> (infections occurring in fighting sports clubs as \u201ctinea gladiatorum capitis et corporis\u201d) and <jats:italic>M.\u00a0audouinii<\/jats:italic> are causing outbreaks of small epidemics of tinea corporis and tinea capitis in kindergartens and schools.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Superficial infections of the skin and mucous membranes due to yeasts are caused by <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species. Also common are infections due to the lipophilic yeast fungus <jats:italic>Malassezia<\/jats:italic>. Today, within the genus <jats:italic>Malassezia<\/jats:italic> more than 10 different species are known. <jats:italic>Malassezia globosa<\/jats:italic> seems to play the crucial role in pityriasis versicolor.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Molds (also designated non\u2010dermatophyte molds, NDM) are increasingly found as causative agents in onychomycosis. Besides <jats:italic>Scopulariopsis brevicaulis<\/jats:italic>, several species of <jats:italic>Fusarium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic> are found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.12245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,17]],"date-time":"2014-02-17T13:15:31Z","timestamp":1392642931000},"page":"188-210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Mycology \u2013 an update. 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