{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:47:47Z","timestamp":1787014067676,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,4]],"date-time":"2016-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Deutsche Derma Gesell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CTLA\u20104 and PD\u20101 are potential targets for tumor\u2010induced downregulation of lymphocytic immune responses. Immune checkpoint\u2010modifying monoclonal antibodies oppose these effects, inducing T cell\u2010mediated immune responses to various tumors including melanoma. Both anti\u2010CTLA\u20104 and anti\u2010PD\u20101 antibodies modify the interaction between tumor, antigen\u2010presenting cells, and T lymphocytes. With respect to overall survival, clinical studies have shown a major benefit for the anti\u2010CTLA\u20104 antibody ipilimumab as well as the two anti\u2010PD\u20101 antibodies nivolumab and pembrolizumab. Following approval of ipilimumab in 2011, the latter two achieved market authorization in the summer of 2015.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Immune responses thus induced and enhanced inevitably entail autoimmune phenomena, affecting various organs to varying degrees. Knowledge of these side effects is crucial with regard to prevention and management by treating physicians. Typically occurring early on and presenting with pronounced and persistent diarrhea, colitis represents a major and severe side effect. Other immune\u2010mediated disorders include dermatitis, hypophysitis, thyroiditis, hepatitis, iridocyclitis as well as other less common autoimmune phenomena. Early recognition and initiation of treatment can reduce risks and sequelae for patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This review describes the mechanisms of action of immune checkpoint blockade as well as its clinical effects in metastatic melanoma, with a detailed focus on the spectrum of adverse events and their therapeutic management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.13047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,4]],"date-time":"2016-07-04T02:06:46Z","timestamp":1467598006000},"page":"662-681","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Management of side effects of immune checkpoint blockade by anti\u2010CTLA\u20104 and anti\u2010PD\u20101 antibodies in metastatic melanoma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Katharina C.","family":"K\u00e4hler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology University Hospital Schleswig\u2010Holstein, Campus Kiel  Kiel 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