{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T19:53:21Z","timestamp":1769630001486,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]],"date-time":"2018-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Deutsche Derma Gesell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nucleic acid amplification techniques (NATs), such as PCR, are highly sensitive and specific methods that have become valuable supplements to culture and serology in the diagnosis of infectious disorders. However, especially when using formalin\u2010fixed and paraffin\u2010embedded tissue, these techniques are associated with both false\u2010negative and false\u2010positive results, a pitfall that is frequently misjudged. Representatives of the <jats:italic>German Society of Hygiene and Microbiology (DGHM)<\/jats:italic> and the <jats:italic>German Society of Dermatology (DDG)<\/jats:italic> therefore set out to develop a consensus \u2013\u00a0in the form of a review article \u2013\u00a0on the appropriate indications for NATs using paraffin\u2010embedded tissue, its contraindications, and the key points to be considered in the pre\u2010 and post\u2010analytical phase.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Given that fresh, naive tissue is preferably to be used in the workup of a suspected infection, PCR analysis on paraffin sections represents an exception. The latter may be considered if an infection is suspected at a later point in time and fresh tissue has not been preserved or can no longer be obtained. Potential indications include confirmation of histologically suspected infections with <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> spp., or in case of ecthyma contagiosum. Infections with, for example, mycobacteria or RNA viruses, on the other hand, are not considered useful indications for NATs using paraffin sections.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In order to avoid misinterpretation of test results, it is essential that laboratory reports on NATs using paraffin\u2010embedded tissue contain information on the indication\/diagnostic circumstances, the required and chosen pre\u2010analytical steps, the limitations of the method, and on diagnostic alternatives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.13438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]],"date-time":"2018-02-08T11:50:20Z","timestamp":1518090620000},"page":"139-147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Molecular diagnosis of skin infections using paraffin\u2010embedded tissue \u2013 review and interdisciplinary consensus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Cord","family":"Sunderk\u00f6tter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Dermatoinfectiology Westphalian Wilhelms University M\u00fcnster, Germany and Department of Dermatology and Venereology University Medical Center Martin Luther University Halle\u2010Wittenberg  Halle Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology University Medical Center  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heinz","family":"Kutzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatopathology Friedrichshafen  Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology Virology and Hygiene University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Bl\u00f6dorn\u2010Schlicht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatologikum Hamburg GmbH  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Udo","family":"Reischl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene University Medical Center  Regensburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Nenoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology  R\u00f6tha OT M\u00f6lbis Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Gei\u00dfd\u00f6rfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Institute\u00a0\u2013 Clinical Microbiology Immunology and Hygiene University Medical Center  Erlangen 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Microbiology Immunology and Hygiene University Medical Center and Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen\u2010Nuremberg  Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Mikrobiologisch\u2010infektiologische Qualit\u00e4tsstandards (MiQ)","author":"Reischl U","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0379.2011.07820.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14088"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14281"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.12726"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"Mikrobiologisch\u2010infektiologische Qualit\u00e4tsstandards (MiQ)","author":"Becker K","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Mikrobiologisch\u2010infektiologische 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