{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:50:58Z","timestamp":1787496658775,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,4]],"date-time":"2018-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Deutsche Derma Gesell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autoimmune bullous disorders (AIBDs) are a heterogeneous group of rare diseases clinically characterized by erosions and\/or blisters on the skin and mucous membranes. AIBDs can be categorized into two groups: pemphigus diseases, characterized by intraepidermal blistering and autoantibodies against desmosomal proteins such as desmoglein (Dsg) 1, Dsg3, members of the plakin family, and subepidermal AIBDs, comprised of pemphigoid diseases and dermatitis herpetiformis. Autoantibodies in dermatitis herpetiformis target transglutaminases 2 and 3, while in pemphigoid disease, autoantibodies are directed against structural proteins of the dermal\u2010epidermal junction. Although analysis of a perilesional biopsy with direct immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy is still the diagnostic gold standard, several assays have become widely available that allow serological diagnosis in the majority of patients. Standard serological diagnosis includes indirect IF on monkey esophagus and salt\u2010split human skin. Assays to further characterize autoantibody specificity include ELISA systems based on recombinant forms of the immunodominant regions of the target antigens as well as multivariant indirect IF microscopy tests with several miniature substrates. These serological assays are complemented by various in\u2010house assays using immunoblotting and ELISA, which are only available in specialized laboratories. Here we review new developments in the diagnosis of AIBDs and describe state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art diagnostic procedures for this group of diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.13637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,4]],"date-time":"2018-09-04T09:16:09Z","timestamp":1536052569000},"page":"1077-1091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Diagnosis of autoimmune bullous diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nina","family":"van Beek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of L\u00fcbeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Detlef","family":"Zillikens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of L\u00fcbeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enno","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of L\u00fcbeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"},{"name":"L\u00fcbeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED) University of L\u00fcbeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61140-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011299"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30787-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1087-0024.2004.00832.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2010.07380_supp.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13446"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09300.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a180"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2011.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.82396"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2008.06976_supp.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0926-9959.2001.00275.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12612836"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2002.00384.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45698-9_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04971-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.02.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","first-page":"833","article-title":"S2k guidelines for the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris\/foliaceus and bullous pemphigoid","volume":"13","author":"Eming R","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2011.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","first-page":"713","article-title":"S2k guideline for the diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris\/foliaceus and bullous pemphigoid","volume":"13","author":"Schmidt E","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.136.2.174"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2016.3357"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2010.01069.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2011.07840_suppl.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012615-044313"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-010-0874-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2012.1830"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13189"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.301"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.756"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11108.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2460"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(00)00196-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2011.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5070\/D32TS975M4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.02750.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70236-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1999.00813.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2016.1221343"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.09.777"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2009.07292.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-195302000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2009.01450.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12532"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000333"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14686"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2008.02917.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-016-1631-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Role of immunofluorescence microscopy in dermatology","volume":"146","author":"Pohla\u2010Gubo G","year":"2011","journal-title":"G Ital Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2011.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2615"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45133-5_3","volume-title":"Immunfluoreszenztechniken. Histopathologie der Haut. 2","author":"Schmidt E","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(90)70094-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","article-title":"Serration pattern analysis for differentiating epidermolysis bullosa acquisita from other pemphigoid diseases","author":"Meijer JM","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12308"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06006.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12470131"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(97)80127-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1987.tb04115.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1990.01670260099022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1997.03890450048006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12479"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1999.00622.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2223"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.4.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04132.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2009.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2005.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(02)00109-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2007.00592.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.141.6.705"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.09.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10820.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2011.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2009.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2007.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15114"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13711"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2009.03241.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.10056.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-6-31"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.06.622"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23646.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.1434"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2008.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.19529.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_97_1","first-page":"762","article-title":"Clinical and immunological studies of 332 Japanese patients tentatively diagnosed as anti\u2010BP180\u2010type mucous membrane pemphigoid: a novel BP180 C\u2010terminal domain enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"96","author":"Yasukochi A","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-7-49"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000339776"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2013.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20153390"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-016-1632-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13409"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_104_1","first-page":"p350","volume-title":"Multicenter prospective study on multivariant diagnosis of autoimmune bullous dermatoses using the BIOCHIPTM technology","author":"Kruger S","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_105_1","first-page":"p265","volume-title":"Cell\u2010based immunofluorescence test applying recombinant laminin 332 for the serological differential diagnosis of pemphigoid","author":"Goletz S","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2015.2692","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of the \u201cMESACUP anti\u2010Skin profile TEST\u201d","volume":"26","author":"Horvath ON","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12161"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_109_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"The use of skin substrates deficient in basement membrane molecules for the diagnosis of subepidermal autoimmune bullous disease","volume":"8","author":"Vodegel RM","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198404193101602"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.05933.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(03)00158-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12874456"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04471.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.3.1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09566.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_118_1","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Rook's Textbook of Dermatology","author":"Schmidt E","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12831"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_120_1","article-title":"International Bullous Diseases Group \u2013 Consensus on diagnostic criteria for epidermolysis bullosa acquisita","author":"Prost\u2010Squarcioni C","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fddg.13637","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ddg.13637","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T16:47:03Z","timestamp":1694796423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ddg.13637"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ddg.13637"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ddg.13637","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1610-0379","1610-0387"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1610-0379","type":"print"},{"value":"1610-0387","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-11-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-01-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-09-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}