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It is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania spp. transmitted to humans by sandflies. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis occurs after untreated or inadequately treated cutaneous leishmaniasis and is more common in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize all reported treatment options for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. This review is based on all English, German, French, Spanish and Portuguese articles published in the databases \u201cPubMed\u201d and \u201cLilacs\u201d from 1995 to 2020. Most of the medical literature is limited to case reports, small case series, retrospective studies, and a few randomized controlled trials. Various treatment options include pentavalent antimonates such as meglumine antimonate or sodium stibogluconate, amphotericin B (liposomal, deoxycholate, lipid complex, colloidal dispersion), miltefosine, and pentamidine. Other therapeutic options include itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, aminosidine sulfate, and azithromycin. The choice of drug depends primarily on its availability in the endemic area and the patient's comorbidities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.15424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T02:59:51Z","timestamp":1716260391000},"page":"763-773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis \u2013 A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Theresa","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Jena University Hospital  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcellus","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Venereology and Allergology Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibylle","family":"Schliemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Jena University Hospital  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7696-3274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Elsner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergology SRH Wald\u2010Klinikum Gera  Gera Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Control of the leishmaniases: report of a WHO Expert Committee 1991."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"1324","article-title":"Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: experience of a Mediterranean hospital","author":"Garrido\u2010Jare\u00f1o M","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-007-1327-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/b-002-35722"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Impacts of deforestation on vector\u2010borne disease incidence","volume":"3","author":"Gottwalt A","year":"2013","journal-title":"CU JGH"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"Lexikon der Medizinischen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0379.2011.07820.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization. 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