{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T05:43:47Z","timestamp":1694324627273},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,13]],"date-time":"2016-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Digestive Endoscopy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) aspiration needles are single\u2010use devices. However, in many centers, because of cost\u2010constraints, these devices are reused multiple times. We studied microbiological contamination and bioburden on reprocessed needles to evaluate whether these devices can be successfully sterilized.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied 10 EUS needles each of 19\u00a0G, 22\u00a0G, and 25\u00a0G in size, and five 22\u2010G ProCore needles. After initial use, each needle was reprocessed by a standardized protocol. We used standard microbiological cultures, as well as ATP bioluminescence technique to quantify bioburden as relative light units (RLU). We defined significant soil contamination by RLU values &gt;200. We also used extractant fluid to disrupt cell membranes in an attempt to enhance ATP detection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found culture positivity in 3\/34 (8.8%), and detectable bioburden on the exposed surface of 33\/35 (94.3%), and inside lumen of 29 (82.9%) reprocessed FNA needles. Significant bioburden was found in three (8.6%) and two (5.7%) needles on the surface and lumen, respectively. We found that use of extractant fluid enhanced detection of bioburden. Larger (19\u00a0G) needles had higher surface contamination (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.016), but there was no relation of luminal contamination with needle diameter (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.138). Sheath design and presence of side bevel did not influence extent of contamination. There was significant correlation between the surface and intraluminal bioburden (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is significant bioburden in reprocessed EUS needles; standard microbiological cultures have low sensitivity for detection of needle contamination. We have provided objective evidence for the futility of reprocessing attempts, and practice of EUS needle reuse should be discontinued.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/den.12731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]],"date-time":"2016-09-16T06:25:19Z","timestamp":1474007119000},"page":"175-181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Residual contamination and bioburden after reprocessing of single\u2010use endoscopic ultrasound needles: An <i>ex\u00a0vivo<\/i> study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Vikram","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Fortis Escorts Liver and Digestive Institute  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology SRL Ltd, Fortis Escorts Heart Institute  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shweta","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology SRL Ltd, Fortis Escorts Heart Institute  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajeev","family":"Shandil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Fortis Escorts Liver and Digestive Institute  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manav","family":"Wadhawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Fortis Escorts Liver and Digestive Institute  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nitesh","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology Fortis Escorts Liver and Digestive Institute  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Fortis Escorts Liver and Digestive Institute  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"World Gastroenterology Association.World Gastroenterology Organisation\/World Endoscopy Organization Global Guidelines. Endoscope Disinfection\u2014a Resource\u2010Sensitive Approach. Feb 2011. [Cited 24 May 2016.] Available from URL:http:\/\/www.worldgastroenterology.org\/guidelines\/global\u2010guidelines\/endoscope\u2010disinfection\/endoscope\u2010disinfection\u2010english."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1077722"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/677148"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2014.01.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Healthcare\u2010associated Infections (HAIs).Interim Duodenoscope Surveillance Protocol: Interim Protocol for Healthcare Facilities Regarding Surveillance for Bacterial Contamination of Duodenoscopes after Reprocessing. April 2015. [Cited 24 May 2016.] Available from URL:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hai\/organisms\/cre\/cre\u2010duodenoscope\u2010surveillance\u2010protocol.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2010-043","article-title":"Assessment of microbial growth on the surface of materials in contact with water intended for human consumption using ATP method","volume":"59","author":"Szczotko M","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pol J Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Digestive Endoscopy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fden.12731","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/den.12731","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/den.12731","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/den.12731","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T03:30:53Z","timestamp":1694230253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/den.12731"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,13]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/den.12731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/den.12731","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0915-5635","1443-1661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0915-5635","type":"print"},{"value":"1443-1661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,13]]}}}