{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T08:59:21Z","timestamp":1792918761640,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Digestive Endoscopy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Optimal management of type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumors (T1\u2010GNETs) remains unknown, with few reports on their long\u2010term prognosis. This study investigated the clinical characteristics and long\u2010term prognosis of T1\u2010GNETs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with T1\u2010GNET during 1991\u20132019 at 40 institutions in Japan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 172 patients, endoscopic resection (ER), endoscopic surveillance, and surgery were performed in 84, 61, and 27, respectively, including 27, 77, and 2 patients with pT1a\u2010M, pT1b\u2010SM, and pT2 tumors, respectively. The median tumor diameter was 5 (range 0.8\u201355) mm. Four (2.9%) patients had lymph node metastasis (LNM); none had liver metastasis. LNM rates were significantly higher in tumors with lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (15.8%; 3\/19) than in those without (1.1%; 1\/92) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.016). For tumors &lt;10\u2009mm, LVI and LNM rates were 18.4% (14\/76) and 2.2% (2\/90), respectively, which were not significantly different from those of tumors 10\u201320\u2009mm (LVI 13.3%; 2\/15, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.211; and LNM 0%; 0\/17, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01.0). However, these rates were significantly lower than those of tumors &gt;20\u2009mm (LVI 60%; 3\/5, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.021; and LNM 40%; 2\/5, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.039). No tumor recurrence or cause\u2010specific death occurred during the median follow\u2010up of 10.1 (1\u201325) years. The 10\u2010year overall survival rate was 97%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumors showed indolent nature and favorable long\u2010term prognoses. LVI could be useful in indicating the need for additional treatments. ER for risk prediction of LNM should be considered for tumors &lt;10\u2009mm and may be feasible for tumors 10\u201320\u2009mm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study protocol was registered in the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) under the identifier UMIN000029927.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/den.14529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T07:01:18Z","timestamp":1675234878000},"page":"757-766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Clinical characteristics and long\u2010term prognosis of type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumors in a large Japanese national cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Ken","family":"Namikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6195-2513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoari","family":"Kamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care Medicine Kawasaki Medical School  Okayama Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junko","family":"Fujisaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences  Niigata Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahisa","family":"Murao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care Medicine Kawasaki Medical School  Okayama Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Chiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuharu","family":"Kaizaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Fukui Prefectural Hospital  Fukui Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Ishido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Kitasato University School of Medicine  Kanagawa Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutaro","family":"Ihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University  Fukuoka Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Kurahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital  Ehime Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoaki","family":"Suga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endoscopic Examination Center Shinshu University  Nagano Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruhisa","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endoscopy Division National Cancer Center Hospital  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine Hiroshima University Hospital  Hiroshima Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuya","family":"Hirakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology Fukuoka Red Cross Hospital  Fukuoka Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology Fujieda Municipal General Hospital  Shizuoka Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuji","family":"Gotoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Nihon University Hospital  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Hosokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Yokohama Sakae Kyosai Hospital  Kanagawa Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Koike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine  Miyagi Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuhiro","family":"Mabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Junpukai Health Maintenance Center \u2010 Kurashiki  Okayama Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2287-7658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology Juntendo University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Inui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Yamashita Hospital  Aichi Japan"},{"name":"Research Group on the Treatment Guidelines for Gastric Carcinoids Associated with Autoimmune Gastritis in Japan  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyasu","family":"Iishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Itami City Hospital  Hyogo Japan"},{"name":"Research 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