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For pseudo\u2010letters, all groups showed <jats:italic>congruence effects<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CE<\/jats:styled-content>: better performance for targets surrounded by a congruent than by an incongruent shape). In contrast, for letters, only dyslexics exhibited a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CE<\/jats:styled-content>, strongly related to their phonological recoding abilities even after partialling out working memory, whereas the reverse held true for the pseudo\u2010letter <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CE<\/jats:styled-content>. In illiterate adults, the higher letter knowledge, the smaller their letter <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CE<\/jats:styled-content>; their letter processing was immune (to some extent) to inference from surrounding information. The absence of a letter <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CE<\/jats:styled-content> in illiterates and the positive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CE<\/jats:styled-content> in dyslexics have their origin in different aspects of the same ability, i.e. phonological recoding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,17]],"date-time":"2013-12-17T11:34:58Z","timestamp":1387280098000},"page":"125-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The deficit of letter processing in developmental dyslexia: combining evidence from dyslexics, typical readers and illiterate adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences Universidade do Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana 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