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An alternative model, however, posits that fluency in single\u2010digit arithmetic might also be achieved via the increasing use of efficient calculation procedures. To test between these hypotheses, we used a cross\u2010sectional design to measure the neural activity associated with single\u2010digit subtraction and multiplication in 34 children from 2nd to 7th grade. The neural correlates of language and numerical processing were also identified in each child via localizer scans. Although multiplication and subtraction were undistinguishable in terms of behavior, we found a striking developmental dissociation in their neural correlates. First, we observed grade\u2010related increases of activity for multiplication, but not for subtraction, in a language\u2010related region of the left temporal cortex. Second, we found grade\u2010related increases of activity for subtraction, but not for multiplication, in a region of the right parietal cortex involved in the procedural manipulation of numerical quantities. The present results suggest that fluency in simple arithmetic in children may be achieved by both increasing reliance on verbal retrieval and by greater use of efficient quantity\u2010based procedures, depending on the operation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,24]],"date-time":"2014-02-24T12:31:33Z","timestamp":1393245093000},"page":"537-552","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Developmental dissociation in the neural responses to simple multiplication and subtraction problems"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Prado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders Northwestern University USA"},{"name":"Laboratoire Langage, Cerveau et Cognition (L2C2) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Universit\u00e9 de Lyon 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