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To do so, we examined a group of elementary school children who demonstrated persistent low math achievement over 4\u00a0years and compared them to typically developing (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), aged\u2010matched controls. The integrity of the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ANS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    was measured using the Panamath (\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.panamath.org\">www.panamath.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ) non\u2010symbolic numerical discrimination test. Children with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    demonstrated imprecise\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ANS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    acuity indexed by larger Weber fraction (w) compared to\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    controls. Given recent findings showing that non\u2010symbolic numerical discrimination is affected by visual parameters, we went further and investigated whether children performed differently on trials on which number of dots and their overall area were either congruent or incongruent with each other. This analysis revealed that differences in w were only found between\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    children on the incongruent trials. In addition, visuo\u2010spatial working memory strongly predicts individual differences in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ANS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    acuity (w) during the incongruent trials. Thus the purported\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ANS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    deficit in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    can be explained by a difficulty in extracting number from an array of dots when area is anti\u2010correlated with number. These data highlight the role of visuo\u2010spatial working memory during the extraction process, and demonstrate that close attention needs to be paid to perceptual processes invoked by tasks thought to represent measures of the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ANS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,30]],"date-time":"2015-07-30T21:52:49Z","timestamp":1438293169000},"page":"817-833","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Probing the nature of deficits in the \u2018Approximate Number System\u2019 in children with persistent Developmental Dyscalculia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Bugden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Numerical Cognition Laboratory Department of Psychology The Brain and Mind Institute The University of Western Ontario 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