{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:20:00Z","timestamp":1790144400252,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,6]],"date-time":"2016-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WT082032MA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT082032MA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The \u2018automatic letter\u2010sound integration hypothesis\u2019 (Blomert, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#desc12423-bib-0005\"\/>) proposes that dyslexia results from a failure to fully integrate letters and speech sounds into automated audio\u2010visual objects. We tested this hypothesis in a sample of English\u2010speaking children with dyslexic difficulties (<jats:italic>N\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>13) and samples of chronological\u2010age\u2010matched (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content>; N\u00a0=\u00a017) and reading\u2010age\u2010matched controls (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>;<jats:italic> N\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>17) aged 7\u201313\u00a0years. Each child took part in two priming experiments in which speech sounds were preceded by congruent visual letters (congruent condition) or Greek letters (baseline). In a behavioural experiment, responses to speech sounds in the two conditions were compared using reaction times. These data revealed faster reaction times in the congruent condition in all three groups. In a second electrophysiological experiment, responses to speech sounds in the two conditions were compared using event\u2010related potentials (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ERP<\/jats:styled-content>s). These data revealed a significant effect of congruency on (1) the P1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ERP<\/jats:styled-content> over left frontal electrodes in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content> group and over fronto\u2010central electrodes in the dyslexic group and (2) the P2 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ERP<\/jats:styled-content> in the dyslexic and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content> control groups. These findings suggest that our sample of English\u2010speaking children with dyslexic difficulties demonstrate a degree of letter\u2010sound integration that is appropriate for their reading level, which challenges the letter\u2010sound integration hypothesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,6]],"date-time":"2016-08-06T11:58:23Z","timestamp":1470484703000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Are the literacy difficulties that characterize developmental dyslexia associated with a failure to integrate letters and speech sounds?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Hannah M.","family":"Nash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Gooch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology and Language Sciences University College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Hulme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology and Language Sciences University College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yatin","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MARCS Institute University of Western Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevieve","family":"McArthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Macquarie University Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Steinmetzger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology and Language Sciences University College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret J.","family":"Snowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St John's College University of Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199401000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.01.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611434536"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002383098903200201"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Single Word Reading Test 6\u201316","author":"Foster H.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2010.01007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht347"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","volume-title":"Developmental disorders of language learning and cognition","author":"Hulme C.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2702_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3784"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202561"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-5597(97)00024-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3810001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00259-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1057179"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/71163"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60198-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00138-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.3.510"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00347"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","volume-title":"E\u2010Prime: User's guide","author":"Schneider W.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","volume-title":"Test of Word Reading Efficiency","author":"Torgesen J.K.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","volume-title":"Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT4)","author":"Wilkinson G.S.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110337"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610363406"}],"container-title":["Developmental Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdesc.12423","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdesc.12423","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/desc.12423","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T19:40:01Z","timestamp":1696362001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/desc.12423"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/desc.12423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/desc.12423","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1363-755X","1467-7687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1363-755X","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-7687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,6]]},"article-number":"e12423"}}