{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T22:44:54Z","timestamp":1762641894079,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]],"date-time":"2016-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0400574","G0902375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0400574","G0902375"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over 30\u00a0years ago, it was suggested that difficulties in the \u2018auditory organization\u2019 of word forms in the mental lexicon might cause reading difficulties. It was proposed that children used parameters such as rhyme and alliteration to organize word forms in the mental lexicon by acoustic similarity, and that such organization was impaired in developmental dyslexia. This literature was based on an \u2018oddity\u2019 measure of children's sensitivity to rhyme (e.g. wood,<jats:italic>book<\/jats:italic>, good) and alliteration (e.g. sun, sock,<jats:italic>rag<\/jats:italic>). The \u2018oddity\u2019 task revealed that children with dyslexia were significantly poorer at identifying the \u2018odd word out\u2019 than younger children without reading difficulties. Here we apply a novel modelling approach drawn from auditory neuroscience to study the possible sensory basis of the auditory organization of rhyming and non\u2010rhyming words by children. We utilize a novel Spectral\u2010Amplitude Modulation Phase Hierarchy (S\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMPH<\/jats:styled-content>) approach to analysing the spectro\u2010temporal structure of rhyming and non\u2010rhyming words, aiming to illuminate the potential acoustic cues used by children as a basis for phonological organization. The S\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMPH<\/jats:styled-content>model assumes that speech encoding depends on neuronal oscillatory entrainment to the amplitude modulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AM<\/jats:styled-content>) hierarchy in speech. Our results suggest that phonological similarity between rhyming words in the oddity task depends crucially on slow (delta band) modulations in the speech envelope. Contrary to linguistic assumptions, therefore, auditory organization by children may not depend on phonemic information for this task. Linguistically, it is assumed that \u2018book\u2019 does not rhyme with \u2018wood\u2019 and \u2018good\u2019 because the final phoneme differs. However, our auditory analysis suggests that the acoustic cues to this phonological dissimilarity depend primarily on the slower amplitude modulations in the speech envelope, thought to carry prosodic information. Therefore, the oddity task may help in detecting reading difficulties because phonological similarity judgements about rhyme reflect sensitivity to slow amplitude modulation patterns. Slower amplitude modulations are known to be detected less efficiently by children with dyslexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,23]],"date-time":"2016-09-23T02:02:49Z","timestamp":1474596169000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Difficulties in auditory organization as a cause of reading backwardness? An auditory neuroscience perspective"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Victoria","family":"Leong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience in Education Department of Psychology University of Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Division of Psychology Nanyang Technological University Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Goswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience in Education Department of Psychology University of Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini Y.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1994.1029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/271746a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/301419a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900010485"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716401003034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195470"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000903005725","article-title":"Phonological neighbourhood density effects in a rhyme awareness task in 5\u2010year\u2010old children","volume":"30","author":"Cara B.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900009260"},{"volume-title":"British Ability Scales","year":"1996","author":"Elliott C.D.","key":"e_1_2_7_12_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000208934"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3063"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"132","volume-title":"Developmental psychology: Revisiting the classic studies","author":"Goswami U.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-009-9186-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2013.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001752"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00263.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"Leong V.(2012).Prosodic rhythm in the speech amplitude envelope: Amplitude modulation phase hierarchies (AMPHs) and AMPH models. 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