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Children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CU<\/jats:styled-content> traits are at\u2010risk for engaging in early and persistent conduct problems. Individuals showing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CU<\/jats:styled-content> traits have been shown to have reduced neural responses to others\u2019 distress (e.g., fear). However, the neural components of distress responses in children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CU<\/jats:styled-content> traits have not been investigated in early childhood. In the current study, we examined neural responses that underlie the processing of emotionally valenced vocal stimuli using the event\u2010related potential technique in a group of preschoolers. Method: Participants between 2 and 5 years old took part in an auditory oddball task containing English\u2010based pseudowords spoken with either a fearful, happy, or a neutral prosody while electroencephalography data were collected. The mismatch negativity (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMN<\/jats:styled-content>) component, an index of the automatic detection of deviant stimuli within a series of stimuli, was examined in association with two dimensions of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CU<\/jats:styled-content> traits (i.e., callousness\u2010uncaring and unemotional dimensions) reported by primary caregivers. Results: Findings suggest that the callousness\u2010uncaring dimension of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CU<\/jats:styled-content> traits in early childhood is associated with reduced responses to fearful vocal stimuli. Conclusions: Reduced neural responses to vocal fear could be a biomarker for callous\u2010uncaring traits in early childhood. These findings are relevant for clinicians and researchers attempting to identify risk factors for early callous\u2010uncaring traits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,9]],"date-time":"2017-11-09T04:12:59Z","timestamp":1510200779000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Reduced neural responses to vocal fear: a potential biomarker for callous\u2010uncaring traits in early childhood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4151-0376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline P.","family":"Hoyniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University  Bloomington IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University  Bloomington IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3072-6673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac T.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Iowa  Iowa City IA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung\u2010Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Second Language Studies Indiana University  Bloomington IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Darcy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Second Language Studies Indiana University  Bloomington IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8474-2076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie M.G.","family":"Fontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Criminology University of Montreal  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"ASEBA preschool forms & profiles: An integrated system of multi\u2010informant assessment","author":"Achenbach T.M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2005.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3577"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.4.682"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118513217.ch22"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","article-title":"The Hoosier Prosody Corpus: A data collection of recorded pseudo\u2010words for evaluating the prosodic processing of emotions","author":"Darcy I.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2012.697503"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Event related potentials: A methods handbook","author":"Dien J.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","volume-title":"PPVT\u20104: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test","author":"Dunn L.M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"517","volume-title":"Handbook of moral development","author":"Eisenberg N.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-9958-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022620"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frick P.J. 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