{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T23:47:20Z","timestamp":1783381640145,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]],"date-time":"2018-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F32 HD080367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32 HD080367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD059205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD059205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01 MH102428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01 MH102428"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH084164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH084164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004189","name":"Max-Planck-Gesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Impaired abilities in multiple domains is common in children with learning difficulties. Co\u2010occurrence of low reading and mathematical abilities (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LRLM<\/jats:styled-content>) appears in almost every second child with learning difficulties. However, little is known regarding the neural bases of this combination. Leveraging a unique and tightly controlled sample including children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LRLM<\/jats:styled-content>, isolated low reading ability (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LR<\/jats:styled-content>), and isolated low mathematical ability (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LM<\/jats:styled-content>), we uncover a distinct neural signature in children with co\u2010occurring low reading and mathematical abilities differentiable from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LR<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LM<\/jats:styled-content>. Specifically, we show that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LRLM<\/jats:styled-content> is neuroanatomically distinct from both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LR<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LM<\/jats:styled-content> based on reduced cortical folding of the right parahippocampal gyrus, a medial temporal lobe region implicated in visual associative learning. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LRLM<\/jats:styled-content> children were further distinguished from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LR<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LM<\/jats:styled-content> by patterns of intrinsic functional connectivity between parahippocampal gyrus and brain circuitry underlying reading and numerical quantity processing. Our results critically inform cognitive and neural models of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LRLM<\/jats:styled-content> by implicating aberrations in both domain\u2010specific and domain\u2010general brain regions involved in reading and mathematics. More generally, our results provide the first evidence for distinct multimodal neural signatures associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LRLM<\/jats:styled-content>, and suggest that this population displays an independent phenotype of learning difficulty that cannot be explained simply as a combination of isolated low reading and mathematical abilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]],"date-time":"2018-06-19T19:16:30Z","timestamp":1529435790000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Neural signatures of co\u2010occurring reading and mathematical difficulties"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Skeide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University  Stanford California USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya M.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward Z.","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Abrams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinod","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University  Stanford California USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences Stanford University  Stanford California USA"},{"name":"Stanford Neuroscience Institute  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Automated Working Memory Assessment (AWMA)","author":"Alloway T.P.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413483174"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207450903275129"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp308"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.28.5.874"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201536"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu229"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.09.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00892"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2013.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-013-0552-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.07.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2016.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194040370010201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000244485.51898.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002315"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008950108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609399104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-16-06173.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2092-13.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0503"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2009.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01162.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","article-title":"The underlying structure of visuospatial working memory in children with mathematical learning disability","author":"Mammarella I.C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-198"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.02.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107761"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00542.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2012.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.8.080706.092312"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60198-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","volume-title":"Working memory test battery for children (WMTB\u2010C)","author":"Pickering S.J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3788"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.08.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.09.051.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","unstructured":"Schaer M. &Eliez S.(2009).Contribution of structural brain imaging to our understanding of the cortical development process. European Psychiatric Review."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03281.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3807-04.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04513"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5309-07.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000631"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00932"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww153"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222154110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2016.04.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tine.2013.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1065"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2012.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI)","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","volume-title":"The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test \u2013 Second Edition (WIAT\u2010II)","author":"Weschler D.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413477476"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2014.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","volume-title":"Woodcock\u2010Johnson III Test of Achievement","author":"Woodcock R.W.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.007"}],"container-title":["Developmental Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdesc.12680","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/desc.12680","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T18:49:44Z","timestamp":1694285384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/desc.12680"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/desc.12680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/desc.12680","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1363-755X","1467-7687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1363-755X","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-7687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-11-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-03-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-06-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e12680"}}