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However, links between school climate and brain structure have not been investigated to date. In this study, we investigated whether school climate was associated with executive function (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EF<\/jats:styled-content>) and brain structure (cortical thickness and surface area) in children and adolescents. We further examined whether these links varied as a function of socioeconomic background. Participants who ranged from 9 to 18 years of age (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 108) completed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EF<\/jats:styled-content> tasks and a high\u2010resolution, 3\u2010Tesla, T1\u2010weighted magnetic resonance imaging (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>) scan. Overall school climate, academic support, and family socioeconomic background were assessed using questionnaires. Higher academic support was associated with greater <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EF<\/jats:styled-content> task performance and increased global cortical thickness. Additionally, academic support moderated the association between family income and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EF<\/jats:styled-content>, such that children from lower income families performed similarly to their more advantaged peers on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EF<\/jats:styled-content> tasks in the context of positive academic support. This work is the first to link school climate to brain structure and contributes to the growing body of evidence suggesting that academic support may be an important protective factor in the context of socioeconomic disadvantage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]],"date-time":"2018-08-30T07:54:33Z","timestamp":1535615673000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["School climate is associated with cortical thickness and executive function in children and adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2826-4561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciane R","family":"Piccolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Sciences Teachers College Columbia University  New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily C","family":"Merz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Sciences Teachers College Columbia University  New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly G","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Sciences Teachers College Columbia University  New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics 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