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Here we test whether these two memory systems are causally dissociable in humans by examining boundary\u2010 and landmark\u2010based memory in typical and atypical development. Adults with Williams syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WS<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2014a developmental disorder with known hippocampal abnormalities\u2014and typical children and adults, performed a navigation task that involved learning locations relative to a boundary or a landmark object. We found that boundary\u2010based memory was severely impaired in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WS<\/jats:styled-content> compared to typically\u2010developing mental\u2010age matched (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MA<\/jats:styled-content>) children and chronological\u2010age matched (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content>) adults, whereas landmark\u2010based memory was similar in all groups. Furthermore, landmark\u2010based memory matured earlier in typical development than boundary\u2010based memory, consistent with the idea that the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WS<\/jats:styled-content> cognitive phenotype arises from developmental arrest of late maturing cognitive systems. Together, these findings provide causal and developmental evidence for dissociable spatial memory systems in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]],"date-time":"2018-09-03T15:00:20Z","timestamp":1535986820000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Dissociable spatial memory systems revealed by typical and atypical human development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6944-5479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua B.","family":"Julian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience Centre for Neural Computation The Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik S.","family":"Kamps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Emory University  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell A.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Dilks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Emory University  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20227"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(01)00399-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Developmental behavioral neuroscience: The Minnesota symposia on child psychology","author":"Bellugi U.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0723-10.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2012.00028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22764"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2009.00870.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00693.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4081-12.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801489105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2009.00894.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2011.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-015-9133-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2015.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/8.10.1947"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20651"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0801-15.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00095-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/370057a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-13-05945.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1004243107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00347"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.02.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2017.06.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01230-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","volume-title":"K\u2010BIT: Kaufman brief intelligence test","author":"Kaufman A. 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