{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:39:56Z","timestamp":1791517196962,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,29]],"date-time":"2018-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5PQ00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5PQ00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5PQ20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5PQ20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5PQ40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5PQ40"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Our understanding of learning difficulties largely comes from children with specific diagnoses or individuals selected from community\/clinical samples according to strict inclusion criteria. Applying strict exclusionary criteria overemphasizes within group homogeneity and between group differences, and fails to capture comorbidity. Here, we identify cognitive profiles in a large heterogeneous sample of struggling learners, using unsupervised machine learning in the form of an artificial neural network. Children were referred to the Centre for Attention Learning and Memory (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CALM<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) by health and education professionals, irrespective of diagnosis or comorbidity, for problems in attention, memory, language, or poor school progress (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0530). Children completed a battery of cognitive and learning assessments, underwent a structural\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    scan, and their parents completed behavior questionnaires. Within the network we could identify four groups of children: (a) children with broad cognitive difficulties, and severe reading, spelling and maths problems; (b) children with age\u2010typical cognitive abilities and learning profiles; (c) children with working memory problems; and (d) children with phonological difficulties. Despite their contrasting cognitive profiles, the learning profiles for the latter two groups did not differ: both were around 1\n                    <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    below age\u2010expected levels on all learning measures. Importantly a child's cognitive profile was not predicted by diagnosis or referral reason. We also constructed whole\u2010brain structural connectomes for children from these four groupings (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0184), alongside an additional group of typically developing children (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a036), and identified distinct patterns of brain organization for each group. This study represents a novel move toward identifying data\u2010driven neurocognitive dimensions underlying learning\u2010related difficulties in a representative sample of poor learners.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T10:15:41Z","timestamp":1535796941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Remapping the cognitive and neural profiles of children who struggle at school"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Duncan E.","family":"Astle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5195-956X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe","family":"Bathelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The CALM Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joni","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Automated Working Memory Assessment (AWMA)","author":"Alloway T.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00424"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077463"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10609"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.5.564"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"Children's Communication Checklist (CCC\u20102)","author":"Bishop D. V. M.","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820210136269","article-title":"Inferential processing and story recall in children with communication problems: A comparison of specific language impairment, pragmatic language impairment and high\u2010functioning autism","volume":"37","author":"Bishop D. V. M.","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.6.858"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640801982312"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2010.01012.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","volume-title":"Does numeracy matter more?","author":"Bynner J.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00252.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413494239"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr243"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02511.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-77"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2009.00897.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"Department for Education United Kingdom. (2017).National curriculum assessments at key stage 2 in England 2017. Retrieved fromwww.gov.uk"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test","author":"Dunn L. M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-6984.2012.00164.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-013-9274-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1115365109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.102.4.616"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00240-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","volume-title":"Phonological Awareness Battery (PhAB)","author":"Frederickson N.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","volume-title":"Phonological Assessment Battery","author":"Frederickson N.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.97.3.493"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.98.1.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2014.00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2016.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194040370010201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2010.494748"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","volume-title":"Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function \u2013 Ages 5\u201318 (BRIEF)","author":"Gioia G. A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(01)00324-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060159"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610386617"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.2000.2586"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09541440701612702"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00976"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1999.2553"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-88163-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000258"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3778"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","first-page":"262","volume-title":"A self\u2010organizing semantic map for information retrieval","author":"Lin X.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1982.1056489"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsl054"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.274"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(09)70443-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02232.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12714"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53841\/bpsecp.2003.20.3.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1999.2516"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00674"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2013.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12573"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/202.3.615"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079476"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1981.53.2.607"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt261"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2009.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws356"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws356"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2005.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3754"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4163-9_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1849-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1849-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2603"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199205000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(00)00258-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.178"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09541440701614922"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.1995.tb00079.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00651"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12360"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3574"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.06.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.96.3.471"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.2000.2587"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.6.2907"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611419521"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.36001\/phme.2014.v2i1.1554","volume-title":"Anomaly detection using self\u2010organizing maps\u2010based K\u2010nearest neighbor algorithm","author":"Tian J.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.2011.02035.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Individual Achievement Test","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00691"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.2000.2392"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_1","volume-title":"Woodcock\u2010Johnson III","author":"Woodcock R. W.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_1","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Why is math so hard for some children? The nature and origins of mathematical learning difficulties and disabilities","author":"Zentall S. S.","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["Developmental Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdesc.12747","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/desc.12747","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/desc.12747","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/desc.12747","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T17:06:43Z","timestamp":1720544803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/desc.12747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,29]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/desc.12747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/desc.12747","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/295725","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1363-755X","1467-7687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1363-755X","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-7687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-01-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-07-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-09-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e12747"}}