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These conflicting findings are rooted in between study differences in sample characteristics and\/or testing techniques. The current study uses the same multivariate functional MRI (fMRI) approach as previously used in adults with dyslexia to investigate phonemic representations in 30 beginning readers with a familial risk and 24 beginning readers without a familial risk of dyslexia, of whom 20 were later retrospectively classified as dyslexic. Based on fMRI response patterns evoked by listening to different utterances of \/bA\/ and \/dA\/ sounds, multivoxel analyses indicate that the underlying activation patterns of the two phonemes were distinct in children with a low family risk but not in children with high family risk. However, no group differences were observed between children that were later classified as typical versus dyslexic readers, regardless of their family risk status, indicating that poor phonemic representations constitute a risk for dyslexia but are not sufficient to result in reading problems. We hypothesize that poor phonemic representations are trait (family risk) and not state (dyslexia) dependent, and that representational deficits only lead to reading difficulties when they are present in conjunction with other neuroanatomical or\u2014functional deficits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T14:00:21Z","timestamp":1557928821000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Brain activity patterns of phonemic representations are atypical in beginning readers with family risk for dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Maaike","family":"Vandermosten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group ExpORL, Department of Neuroscience KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joao","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language San Sebastian Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolijn","family":"Vanderauwera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group ExpORL, Department of Neuroscience KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Wouters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group ExpORL, Department of Neuroscience KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pol","family":"Ghesqui\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milene","family":"Bonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1230531"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp308"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.01.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2006.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244333"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400007264"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2004.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05356-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4339-13.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","volume-title":"E\u00e9n Minuut Test: Verantwoording en handleiding","author":"Brus B. 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