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We sought to better understand the neural responses to different visual percepts created during handwriting at different levels of experience. Three groups of participants, younger children, older children, and adults, ranging in age from 4.5 to 22\u00a0years old, were presented with dynamic and static presentations of their own handwritten letters, static presentations of an age\u2010matched control's handwritten letters, and typeface letters during fMRI. First, data from each group were analyzed through a series of contrasts designed to highlight neural systems that were most sensitive to each visual experience in each age group. We found that younger children recruited ventral\u2010temporal cortex during perception and this response was associated with the variability present in handwritten forms. Older children and adults also recruited ventral\u2010temporal cortex; this response, however, was significant for typed letter forms but not variability. The adult response to typed letters was more distributed than in the children, including ventral\u2010temporal, parietal, and frontal motor cortices. The adult response was also significant for one's own handwritten letters in left parietal cortex. Second, we compared responses among age groups. Compared to older children, younger children demonstrated a greater fusiform response associated with handwritten form variability. When compared to adults, younger children demonstrated a greater response to this variability in left parietal cortex. Our results suggest that the visual perception of the variability present in handwritten forms that occurs during handwriting may contribute to developmental changes in the neural systems that support letter perception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]],"date-time":"2020-03-16T14:23:38Z","timestamp":1584368618000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Visual experiences during letter production contribute to the development of the neural systems supporting letter perception"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sophia","family":"Vinci\u2010Booher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University Bloomington IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin H.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University Bloomington IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902960106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1422797"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-13-04207.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)7:1<38::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.2.291"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1964.tb00899.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200203040-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00781"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2016.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4696-14.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202940"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202447"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.10.1.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03329847"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0528"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01416-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900562165"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","volume-title":"Sight unseen","author":"Goodale M. 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