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We examined interactions between child sex and early and concurrent parental hostility on children's cortical thickness and surface area. Participants included 63 children (50.8% female) assessed during early childhood (Wave 1: <jats:italic>M age<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a04.23\u00a0years, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.84) and again three years later (Wave 2: <jats:italic>M age<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a07.19\u00a0years, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.89) using an observational parent\u2013child interaction task. At Wave 2, children completed a structural MRI scan. Analyses focused on regions of interest. After correcting for multiple comparisons, Wave 1 parental hostility predicted males' reduced thickness in middle frontal and fusiform cortices, and Wave 2 parental hostility was concurrently associated with males' reduced thickness in the middle frontal cortex. Interactions between sex and parenting on children's surface area did not survive corrections for multiple comparisons. Our findings provide support for a male\u2010specific neural vulnerability of hostile parenting across development. Results have important implications for uncovering neural pathways to sex\u2010differences in psychopathology, learning, and cognitive disabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T18:35:30Z","timestamp":1603391730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Parental hostility predicts reduced cortical thickness in males"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Chad\u2010Friedman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland College Park College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Botdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland College Park College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Riggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland College Park College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lea R.","family":"Dougherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland College Park College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions","year":"1991","author":"Aiken L. 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