{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T23:07:25Z","timestamp":1776726445306,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]],"date-time":"2021-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638662400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":335,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N66001\u201019\u20102\u20104035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N66001\u201019\u20102\u20104035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\u2010 HD033486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\u2010 HD033486"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>What is the role of errors in infants' acquisition of basic skills such as walking, skills that require immense amounts of practice to become flexible and generative? Do infants change their behaviors based on negative feedback from errors, as suggested by \u201creinforcement learning\u201d in artificial intelligence, or do errors go largely unmarked so that learning relies on positive feedback? We used falling as a model system to examine the impact of errors in infant development. We examined fall severity based on parent reports of prior falls and videos of 563 falls incurred by 138 13\u2010 to 19\u2010month\u2010old infants during free play in a laboratory playroom. Parent reports of notable falls were limited to 33% of infants and medical attention was limited to 2% of infants. Video\u2010recorded falls were typically low\u2010impact events. After falling during free play in the laboratory, infants rarely fussed (4% of falls), caregivers rarely showed concern (8% of falls), and infants were back at play within seconds. Impact forces were mitigated by infants' effective reactive behaviors, quick arrest of the fall before torso or head impact, and small body size. Moreover, falling did not alter infants' subsequent behavior. Infants were not deterred from locomotion or from interacting with the objects and elevations implicated in their falls. We propose that a system that discounts the impact of errors in early stages of development encourages infants to practice basic skills such as walking to the point of mastery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,6]],"date-time":"2020-12-06T00:31:02Z","timestamp":1607214662000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The impact of errors in infant development: Falling like a baby"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7113-8857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danyang","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology New York University New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2819-134X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen E.","family":"Adolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology New York University New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.21.4.734"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1166199"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612446346"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"The impact factor in infant development: Falling like a baby","author":"Adolph K. E.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-102836"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017450"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","volume-title":"Developmental psychology: Revisiting the classic studies","author":"Adolph K. E."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118963418.childpsy204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.1188"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.24.5.684"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"CDC childhood injury report: Patterns of unintentional injuries among 0\u201319 year olds in the United States, 2000\u20132006","author":"Borse N. N.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200005000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.9.1163"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7441.680"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/44.5.M107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(79)90031-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","volume-title":"Mean body weight, height, waist circumference, and body mass index among adults: United States, 1999\u20132000 through 2015\u20132016","author":"Fryar C. D.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Possible worlds and other essays","author":"Haldane J. B. S.","year":"1927"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","volume-title":"Generalized estimating equations","author":"Hardin J. W.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00298717"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","volume-title":"Walking and falling: Using simulated robots to model variability and error in the development of infant walking","author":"Hoch J.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.055798"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00858.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.301"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2012.01842.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(99)90564-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12615"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Falling out of bed: A relatively benign occurrence","volume":"92","author":"Lyons T. J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","unstructured":"National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005).Web\u2010based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Retrieved fromwww.cdc.gov\/injury\/wisqars"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","volume-title":"World report on child injury prevention","author":"Peden M.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","volume-title":"How the body shapes the way we think: A new view of intelligence","author":"Pfeifer R.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61263-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.67.12.1143"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200101000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szita I. &L\u0151rincz A.(2008).The many faces of optimism: A unifying approach.Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Machine Learning 1048\u20131055.","DOI":"10.1145\/1390156.1390288"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.3.189"}],"container-title":["Developmental Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/desc.13069","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/desc.13069","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1111\/desc.13069","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/desc.13069","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T19:49:35Z","timestamp":1693338575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/desc.13069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/desc.13069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/desc.13069","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1363-755X","1467-7687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1363-755X","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-7687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13069"}}