{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:57:21Z","timestamp":1787162241775,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The power and precision with which humans link language to cognition is unique to our species. By 3\u20134\u00a0months of age, infants have already established this link: simply listening to human language facilitates infants\u2019 success in fundamental cognitive processes. Initially, this link to cognition is also engaged by a broader set of acoustic stimuli, including non\u2010human primate vocalizations (but not other sounds, like backwards speech). But by 6\u00a0months, non\u2010human primate vocalizations no longer confer this cognitive advantage that persists for speech. What remains unknown is the mechanism by which these sounds influence infant cognition, and how this initially broader set of privileged sounds narrows to only human speech between 4 and 6\u00a0months. Here, we recorded 4\u2010 and 6\u2010month\u2010olds\u2019 EEG responses to acoustic stimuli whose behavioral effects on infant object categorization have been previously established: infant\u2010directed speech, backwards speech, and non\u2010human primate vocalizations. We document that by 6\u00a0months, infants\u2019 4\u20139\u00a0Hz neural activity is modulated in response to infant\u2010directed speech and non\u2010human primate vocalizations (the two stimuli that initially support categorization), but that 4\u20139\u00a0Hz neural activity is not modulated at either age by backward speech (an acoustic stimulus that doesn't support categorization at either age). These results advance the prior behavioral evidence to suggest that by 6\u00a0months, speech and non\u2010human primate vocalizations elicit distinct changes in infants\u2019 cognitive state, influencing performance on foundational cognitive tasks such as object categorization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T17:07:40Z","timestamp":1622567260000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Developmental changes in auditory\u2010evoked neural activity underlie infants\u2019 links between language and cognition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3142-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kali","family":"Woodruff Carr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle R.","family":"Perszyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth S.","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"},{"name":"Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel L.","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Social Sciences Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Poeppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics  Frankfurt am Main Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science New York University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5009-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra R.","family":"Waxman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"},{"name":"Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Institute for Policy Research Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2012.01766.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2007.00563.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3940450"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113380109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01797193"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"341","article-title":"Praat, a system for doing phonetics by computer","volume":"5","author":"Boersma P.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glot International"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00690"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X10000919"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","article-title":"Analyzing Neural Time Series Data","author":"Cohen M. 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