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The neural correlates of handwriting deficits remain largely unknown; however, as well as the extent that handwriting deficits share common neural bases with reading deficits in DD. The present work used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain activity during handwriting and reading tasks in Chinese dyslexic children (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a018) and age\u2010matched controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a023). Compared to controls, dyslexic children exhibited reduced activation during handwriting tasks in brain regions supporting sensory\u2010motor processing (including supplementary motor area and postcentral gyrus) and visual\u2010orthography processing (including bilateral precuneus and right cuneus). Among these regions, the left supplementary motor area and the right precuneus also showed a trend of reduced activation during reading tasks in dyslexics. Moreover, increased activation was found in the left inferior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex in dyslexics, which may reflect more efforts of executive control to compensate for the impairments of motor and visual\u2010orthographic processing. Finally, dyslexic children exhibited aberrant functional connectivity among brain areas for cognitive control and sensory\u2010motor processes during handwriting tasks. Together, these findings suggest that handwriting deficits in DD are associated with functional abnormalities of multiple brain regions implicated in motor execution, visual\u2010orthographic processing, and cognitive control, providing important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T08:28:26Z","timestamp":1626769706000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The brain basis of handwriting deficits in Chinese children with developmental dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties Institute of Psychology\uff0cChinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhentao","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Sciences Platform Sunnybrook Research Institute  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Sciences Platform Sunnybrook Research Institute  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties Institute of Psychology\uff0cChinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhu","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology College of Education Zhejiang University of Technology  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zelong","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology School of Humanities and Social Sciences Beijing Forestry University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanyuan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies Faculty of Humanities The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong\u2010Yan","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties Institute of Psychology\uff0cChinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9265-9096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Center for Language and Brain Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219419876255"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1992.00530270060019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603205113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"Beery VMI: The Beery\u2010Buktenica developmental test of visual\u2010motor integration","author":"Beery K. 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