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We examined cross\u2010sectional and longitudinal associations between threat and deprivation with cognition, emotional processing, and psychopathology in a middle\u2010income country. The sample consisted of 2511 children and adolescents (6\u201317 years old) from the Brazilian High\u2010Risk Cohort for Mental Conditions. Parent reports on childhood adversity were used to construct adversity latent constructs. Psychopathology was measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) to generate a measure of general psychopathology (the \u201cp\u201d factor). Executive function (EF) and attention orienting toward angry faces were assessed using cognitive tasks. All measures were acquired at two time\u2010points 3 years apart and associations were tested using general linear models. Higher levels of psychopathology were predicted by higher levels of threat cross\u2010sectionally and longitudinally, and by deprivation longitudinally. For EF, worse performance was associated only with deprivation at baseline and follow\u2010up. Finally, threat was associated with attention orienting towards angry faces cross\u2010sectionally, but neither form of adversity was associated with changes over time in attention bias. Our results suggest that threat and deprivation have differential associations with cognitive development and psychopathology. Exposure to adversity during childhood is a complex phenomenon with meaningful influences on child development. Because adversity can take many forms, dimensional models might help to disentangle the specific developmental correlates of different types of early experience. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uEU0L8exyTM\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uEU0L8exyTM<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T12:39:20Z","timestamp":1649853560000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Threat and deprivation are associated with distinct aspects of cognition, emotional processing, and psychopathology in children and adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5882-6775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia Luiza","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT\u2010CNPq)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie A.","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Harvard University  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisele Gus","family":"Manfro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT\u2010CNPq)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT\u2010CNPq)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Augusto","family":"Rohde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT\u2010CNPq)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eur\u00edpedes Constantino","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT\u2010CNPq)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department &amp; Institute of Psychiatry University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Simioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT\u2010CNPq)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maur\u00edcio Scopel","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT\u2010CNPq)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Neuropsychiatry Departament Universidade Federal de Santa Maria  Santa Maria Brazil"},{"name":"Care Policy and Evaluation Centre London School of Economics and Political Science  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Abrah\u00e3o","family":"Salum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT\u2010CNPq)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA school\u2010age forms & profiles","author":"Achenbach T. 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