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In this paper, we tested this hypothesis in a longitudinal study measuring language and visuospatial skills in 358 preschoolers, and testing their mental calculation skills at the beginning of middle school. Language skills at 5.5 years significantly predicted multiplication, but not addition nor subtraction scores at 11.5 years. Conversely, early visuospatial skills predicted addition and subtraction, but not multiplication scores. These results provide strong support for the existence of a double dissociation in mental arithmetic operations, and demonstrate the existence of long\u2010lasting links between language\/visuospatial skills and specific calculation abilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]],"date-time":"2022-08-27T05:37:58Z","timestamp":1661578678000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Preschool language and visuospatial skills respectively predict multiplication and addition\/subtraction skills in middle school children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6509-1893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ava","family":"Guez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LSCP, D\u00e9partement d\u2019\u00e9tudes cognitives, ENS, EHESS PSL University CNRS  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2557-9701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Piazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind\/Brain Sciences \u2013 CIMeC University of Trento  Rovereto Trento Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8512-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pinheiro\u2010Chagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Dyslexia Center, Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology Department of Neurological Surgery Weill Institute for Neurosciences University of California, San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8757-0783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Peyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSCP, D\u00e9partement d\u2019\u00e9tudes cognitives, ENS, EHESS PSL University CNRS  Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Robert Debr\u00e9 Hospital APHP  Paris France"},{"name":"INSERM U1141, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 DHU Protect  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1565-1629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Heude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm, INRAE Centre of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS) F\u201075004  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1122-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franck","family":"Ramus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSCP, D\u00e9partement d\u2019\u00e9tudes cognitives, ENS, EHESS PSL University CNRS  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010\u20100277(92)90051\u2010I"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2013.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028\u20103932(01)00035\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023864"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2017.1363044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290050110656"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20107687.2009.00897.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010\u20109452(08)70002\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290244000239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2005.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology, (Vol., 35, Issue (2), pp. 303\u2013309)","author":"Foley A. 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