{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:33:43Z","timestamp":1790894023266,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#R01HD045713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#R01HD045713"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Children with delays in expressive language (late talkers) have heterogeneous developmental trajectories. Some are late bloomers who eventually \u201ccatch\u2010up,\u201d but others have persisting delays or are later diagnosed with developmental language disorder (DLD). Early in development it is unclear which children will belong to which group. We compare the toddler vocabulary composition of late talkers with different long\u2010term outcomes. The literature suggests most children with typical development (TD) have vocabularies dominated by names for categories organized by similarity in shape (e.g., cup), which supports a bias to attend to shape when generalizing names of novel nouns\u2014a bias associated with accelerated vocabulary development. Previous work has shown that as a group, late talkers tend to say fewer names for categories organized by shape and are less likely to show a \u201cshape bias\u201d than TD children. Here, in a retrospective analysis of 850 children, we compared the vocabulary composition of groups of toddlers who were late bloomers or persisting late talkers. At Time 1 (13\u201027 months), the persisting late talkers said a smaller proportion of shape\u2010based nouns than both TD children and late bloomers who \u201ccaught up\u201d to typically sized vocabularies months later (18\u201038\u2010months). Additionally, children who received a DLD diagnosis between 4 and 7 years said a significantly smaller proportion of shape\u2010based nouns in year two than TD children and children with other diagnoses (e.g., dyslexia). These findings bring new insight into sources of heterogeneity amongst late talkers and offer a new metric for assessing risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Research Highlights<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Toddler vocabulary composition, including the proportion of names for categories organized by shape, like spoon, was used to retrospectively compare outcomes of late talking children<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Persisting Late Talkers said a smaller proportion of shape\u2010based nouns during toddlerhood relative to Late Bloomers (late talkers who later caught up to have typically\u2010sized vocabularies)<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Children with later DLD diagnoses said a smaller proportion of shape\u2010based nouns during toddlerhood relative to children without a DLD diagnosis<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The data illustrate the cascading effects of vocabulary composition on subsequent language development and suggest vocabulary composition may be one important marker of persisting delays<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T12:57:10Z","timestamp":1668085030000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Late bloomer or language disorder? Differences in toddler vocabulary composition associated with long\u2010term language outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6976-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn K.","family":"Perry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Miami  Coral Gables Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2210-3599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Kucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Oklahoma State University  Stillwater Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3200-5239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica S.","family":"Horst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Sussex  Brighton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9141-3286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa K.","family":"Samuelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2019.60.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2017.1296191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019348"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460\u20106984.12335"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00143"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01945"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201085982\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/026151007X235891"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12219"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12409"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u2010295X.112.2.347"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203646"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820701546854"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Late talkers: language development, interventions, and outcomes","author":"Dollaghan C. 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