{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T03:31:51Z","timestamp":1791775911476,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>There are multiple levels of processing relevant to reading that vary in their visual, sublexical, and lexical orthographic processing demands. Segregating distinct cortical sources for each of these levels has been challenging in EEG studies of early readers. To address this challenge, we applied recent advances in analyzing high\u2010density EEG using Steady\u2010State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEPs) via data\u2010driven Reliable Components Analysis (RCA) in a group of early readers spanning from kindergarten to second grade. Three controlled stimulus contrasts\u2014familiar words versus unfamiliar pseudofonts, familiar words versus pseudowords, and pseudowords versus nonwords\u2014were used to isolate coarse print tuning, lexical processing, and sublexical orthography\u2010related processing, respectively. First, three overlapping yet distinct neural sources\u2014left vOT, dorsal parietal, and primary visual cortex were revealed underlying coarse print tuning. Second, we segregated distinct cortical sources for the other two levels of processing: lexical fine tuning over occipito\u2010temporal\/parietal regions; sublexical orthographic fine tuning over left occipital regions. Finally, exploratory group analyses based on children's reading fluency suggested that coarse print tuning emerges early even in children with limited reading knowledge, while sublexical and higher\u2010level lexical processing emerge only in children with sufficient reading knowledge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Research Highlights<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"><jats:list-item><jats:p>Cognitive processes underlying coarse print tuning, sublexical, and lexical fine tuning were examined in beginning readers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>Three overlapping yet distinct neural sources\u2014left ventral occipito\u2010temporal (vOT), left temporo\u2010parietal, and primary visual cortex\u2014were revealed underlying coarse print tuning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>Responses to sublexical orthographic fine tuning were found over left occipital regions, while responses to higher\u2010level linguistic fine tuning were found over occipito\u2010temporal\/parietal regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>Exploratory group analyses suggested that coarse print tuning emerges in children with limited reading knowledge, while sublexical and higher\u2010level linguistic fine tuning effects emerge in children with sufficient reading knowledge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T15:23:50Z","timestamp":1669130630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Lexical and sublexical cortical tuning for print revealed by Steady\u2010State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEPs) in early readers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Fang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Education Stanford University Stanford 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