{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:21:42Z","timestamp":1791645702009,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000347","name":"Williams Syndrome Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic syndrome. As with all rare syndromes, obtaining adequately powered sample sizes is a challenge. Here we present legacy data from seven UK labs, enabling the characterisation of cross\u2010sectional and longitudinal developmental trajectories of verbal and non\u2010verbal development in the largest sample of individuals with WS to\u2010date. In Study 1, we report cross\u2010sectional data between\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0102 and\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0209 children and adults with WS on measures of verbal and non\u2010verbal ability. In Study 2, we report longitudinal data from\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a017 to\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a054 children and adults with WS who had been tested on at least three timepoints on these measures. Data support the WS characteristic cognitive profile of stronger verbal than non\u2010verbal ability, and shallow developmental progression for both domains. Both cross\u2010sectional and longitudinal data demonstrate steeper rates of development in the child participants than the adolescent and adults in our sample. Cross\u2010sectional data indicate steeper development in verbal than non\u2010verbal ability, and that individual differences in the discrepancy between verbal and non\u2010verbal ability are largely accounted for by level of intellectual functioning. A diverging developmental discrepancy between verbal and non\u2010verbal ability, whilst marginal, is not mirrored statistically in the longitudinal data. Cross\u2010sectional and longitudinal data are discussed with reference to validating cross\u2010sectional developmental patterns using longitudinal data and the importance of individual differences in understanding developmental progression.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T01:40:26Z","timestamp":1686188426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cross\u2010sectional and longitudinal assessment of cognitive development in Williams syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6409-0875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily K.","family":"Farran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Surrey  Guildford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3307-8421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry R. M.","family":"Purser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Nottingham Trent University  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8662-0937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Jarrold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8231-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S. C.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences Birkbeck University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6371-8875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaia","family":"Scerif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology Attention, Brain and Cognitive Development Group, University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6791-9968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vesna","family":"Stojanovik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Language Sciences University of Reading  Reading UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5316-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Van Herwegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Human Development Institute of Education UCL's Faculty of Education and Society  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Barto\u0144 K.(2022).MuMIn: Multi\u2010Model Inference. 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