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According to the phonological deficit theory, supporting phonological development during the sensitive infancy period could prevent or ameliorate future dyslexic symptoms. Music is an established method for supporting auditory and speech processing and even language and literacy, but no previous studies have investigated its benefits for infants at risk for developmental language and reading disorders. We pseudo\u2010randomized N\u223c150 infants at risk for dyslexia to vocal or instrumental music listening interventions at 0\u20136 months, or to a no\u2010intervention control group. Music listening was used as an easy\u2010to\u2010administer, cost\u2010effective intervention in early infancy. Mismatch responses (MMRs) elicited by speech\u2010sound changes were recorded with electroencephalogram (EEG) before (at birth) and after (at 6 months) the intervention and at a 28 months follow\u2010up. We expected particularly the vocal intervention to promote phonological development, evidenced by enhanced speech\u2010sound MMRs and their fast maturation. We found enhanced positive MMR amplitudes in the vocal music listening intervention group after but not prior to the intervention. Other music activities reported by parents did not differ between the three groups, indicating that the group effects were attributable to the intervention. The results speak for the use of vocal music in early infancy to support speech processing and subsequent language development in infants at developmental risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Research Highlights<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Dyslexia\u2010risk infants were pseudo\u2010randomly assigned to a vocal or instrumental music listening intervention at home from birth to 6 months of age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Neural mismatch responses (MMRs) to speech\u2010sound changes were enhanced in the vocal music intervention group after but not prior to the intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Even passive vocal music listening in early infancy can support phonological development known to be deficient in dyslexia\u2010risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,25]],"date-time":"2023-06-25T00:35:01Z","timestamp":1687653301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Beneficial effects of a music listening intervention on neural speech processing in 0\u201328\u2010month\u2010old children at risk for dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Virtala","family":"Paula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Putkinen","family":"Vesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Centre of 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