{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T11:39:10Z","timestamp":1792237150166,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003986","name":"Jacobs Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\u20101362\u201002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\u20101362\u201002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003986","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Feeling loved by one's parents is critical for children's health and well\u2010being. How can such feelings be fostered? A vital feature of loving interactions is reciprocal self\u2010disclosure, where individuals disclose intimate information about themselves. In a proof\u2010of\u2010concept experiment, we examined whether encouraging reciprocal self\u2010disclosure in parent\u2010child dyads would make children feel more loved during the conversation. Participants were 218 children (ages 8\u201313, 50% girls, 94% Dutch) and one of their parents (ages 28\u201356, 62% women, 90% Dutch). Parent\u2010child dyads received a list of 14 questions and took turns asking them each other for 9\u00a0min. Dyads were assigned randomly to engage in self\u2010disclosure (questions invoking escalated intimacy) or small talk (questions invoking minimal intimacy). Before and after, children reported how loved they felt by their parent during the conversation. Self\u2010disclosure made children feel more loved during the conversation than did small talk. Compared to small talk, self\u2010disclosure did not instigate conversations that were lengthier or more positive; rather, it instigated conversations that were more emotionally charged (reflecting anger, anxiety, and sadness), social (discussing family and friends), reflective (creating insight), and meaningful (addressing deeply personal topics, including the passing of loved ones). The dyad's gender composition did not significantly moderate these effects. Our research suggests that reciprocal self\u2010disclosure can make children feel more loved in the moment, uncovers linguistic signatures of reciprocal self\u2010disclosure, and offers developmental scientists a tool to examine causal effects of reciprocal self\u2010disclosure in parent\u2010child dyads. Future work should examine long\u2010term effects in everyday parent\u2010child interactions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Research Highlights<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>How can parents make children feel more loved by them in the moment? We theorize that these feelings can be cultivated through reciprocal self\u2010disclosure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In a proof\u2010of\u2010concept experiment, we examined effects of reciprocal self\u2010disclosure versus small talk in 218 parent\u2010child dyads, with children aged 8\u221213.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Self\u2010disclosure (vs. small talk) made children feel more loved during the conversation. Linguistically, self\u2010disclosure instigated conversations that were more emotionally charged, social, reflective, and meaningful.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This research provides an experimental method to study self\u2010disclosure in parent\u2010child dyads and suggests that self\u2010disclosure can make children feel more loved in the moment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T10:14:44Z","timestamp":1713262484000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Reciprocal self\u2010disclosure makes children feel more loved by their parents in the moment: A proof\u2010of\u2010concept experiment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7695-5135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eddie","family":"Brummelman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Child Development and Education University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8944-0181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter A.","family":"Bos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Education and Child Studies Leiden University  Leiden Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5556-1396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Child Development and Education University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8084-4382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Nevicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3681-4332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantine","family":"Sedikides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Self and Identity School of Psychology University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X15599557"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","volume-title":"Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships","author":"Altman I.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167297234003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","volume-title":"Changing rhythms of American family life","author":"Bianchi S. 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