{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:49:32Z","timestamp":1789624172246,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000925","name":"John Templeton Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the presence of early helping behavior has been firmly established, it is unclear to what extent children are willing to adopt costs to help others, as well as how this willingness changes as children get older. Canadian 21\u2010 to 36\u2010month\u2010olds (<jats:italic>N\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a048) participated in four helping tasks varying in the type and degree of effort required to help (lifting force, cognitive load, the number of steps in a task, and pushing force). When costs were lower, toddlers were not only more likely to help but also provided help more readily and helped in ways that prioritized others\u2019 needs. Importantly, we found that age and how costly helping was to individual children each uniquely predicted high\u2010cost helping, but not low\u2010cost helping. Overall, we demonstrate that toddlers\u2019 helping is sensitive to a variety of effortful costs, while simultaneously demonstrating that maturation and individual costs appear to uniquely influence high\u2010cost helping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T01:49:26Z","timestamp":1728352166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Toddlers\u2019 Helping Behavior Is Affected by the Effortful Costs Associated With Helping Others"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9142-3310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mia","family":"Radovanovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Solby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie S.","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3686-9003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaemin","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0330-1071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ece","family":"Yucer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8290-254X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Sommerville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2017.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2022.101186"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201088898\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022834"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/cabn.9.1.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562\u2010019\u20100748\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12004"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Early Social Cognition in Three Cultural Contexts","volume":"76","author":"Callaghan T.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2802_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20108624.00333"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.02056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02209"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.104841"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12298"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414\u2010012\u20100416\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12653"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532\u20107078.2010.00041.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167286124005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648\u2010009\u20109107\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2009.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","first-page":"100","volume-title":"Socioemotional Development in the Toddler Years: Transitions and Transformations","author":"Hay D. 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