{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T20:19:37Z","timestamp":1783023577975,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>As global societies increasingly embrace digital technologies, their integration into early childhood education becomes crucial for achieving United Nations sustainable developmental goals. The present study investigates whether extended reality (XR) environments effectively support infants' perception and learning capabilities. A total of 144 Australian infants aged 6\u201312 and 18\u201324 months were tested on their abilities to discriminate and learn non\u2010native Mandarin tones under one of the three conditions, Live (face\u2010to\u2010face interaction), XR\u2010Live (real\u2010time virtual interaction), and XR\u2010Recorded (pre\u2010recorded virtual interaction). Infants successfully discriminated the tone contrast, with perception outcomes influenced by age and condition: older infants exhibited robust discrimination in both XR conditions, and long looking time in the Live condition. In object\u2010label association, infants learned equally well in Live and both XR conditions, influenced by age and tone complexity\u2014older infants learned better overall, particularly the acoustically complex dipping tone. Findings highlight XR's potential to effectively support sustainable cognitive and linguistic development, underscoring its promise for future integration in early educational and developmental interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Second\u2010year infants demonstrated enhanced perceptual discrimination of non\u2010native speech after targeted exposure in XR environments.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Second\u2010year infants showed robust attention to non\u2010native speech following face\u2010to\u2010face interaction with a native speaker of that language.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Second\u2010year infants demonstrated equivalent learning of non\u2010native speech across XR and face\u2010to\u2010face conditions, highlighting XR's potential to support early language development.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Infants showed stronger learning of the acoustically complex dipping tone than the rising tone, with older infants outperforming their younger counterparts.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.70111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T09:48:28Z","timestamp":1767692908000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can Infants Perceive and Learn New Information from Extended Reality?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8671-5098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liquan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health University of Technology Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychology Western Sydney University  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"MARCS Institute for Brain and Behaviour Western Sydney University  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Center for Multilingualism in Society Across the Lifespan University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language Australian Research Council  Canberra Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brayden","family":"Condie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Western Sydney University  Sydney 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