{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:09:26Z","timestamp":1790172566819,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study examines the links between urbanization\u2010related factors (crowding, access to institutions, and socioeconomic status) and cognitive development in young children (3\u20135 years old) in Bhutan, a rapidly urbanizing country in the Global South. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) on data from 443 families, we find that SES is the strongest predictor of cognitive development, while crowding and institutional access had minimal effects. Higher parental education and income correlate with better cognitive skills, emphasizing SES's crucial role in child development. These findings challenge the assumption that urbanization inherently benefits children by improving access to services, highlighting the persistent impact of economic disparities. This study underscores the need for policies supporting low\u2010income families to mitigate urbanization's negative effects and suggests that these challenges stem largely from poverty, aligning with broader research on socioeconomic factors related to child development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.70112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T07:40:44Z","timestamp":1766389244000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Urbanization and Child Development: Investigating Socioeconomic, Structural, and Environmental Influences on Cognitive Development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9488-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umay","family":"Sen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Wangchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan  Thimphu Bhutan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6243-0020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nidup","family":"Dorji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan  Thimphu Bhutan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e4r","family":"Nystr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Hellberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustaf","family":"Gredeb\u00e4ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(10)70223\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021\u2010843X.112.4.545"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112389"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251868"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bettencourt L. andG.West.2010. \u201cA Unified Theory of Urban Living.\u201dNature467 no. 7318: Article 7318.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/467912a.","DOI":"10.1038\/467912a"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524\u2010011\u20100019\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780367824327-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax0903"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"Brinkhoff T.2022.City Population[Dataset].http:\/\/www.citypopulation.de."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)00268-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"793","volume-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology: Theoretical Models of Human Development","author":"Bronfenbrenner U.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1602387"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA10489"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-080218-030303"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buczy\u0142owska D. 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