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This study investigates top\u2010down perceptual modulation by focusing on a neural signature referred to as top\u2010down sensory prediction, where the prediction of upcoming sensory information is exhibited in the modulation of activity in perceptual cortices. We extended a paradigm previously used to identify top\u2010down sensory prediction in 6\u2010month\u2010old infants to neonates. Using functional near\u2010infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we monitored occipital lobe activity in sleeping neonates held by their caregivers. The study consisted of a Learning session, where neonates were exposed to a novel auditory\u2010visual stimulus combination (A+V+), followed by sessions presenting occasional visual stimulus omissions (A+V\u2212). Results showed that fNIRS channels over the occipital lobe, which were active during the Learning session, also responded to the unexpected visual omissions, indicating neonatal brains\u2019 capability for top\u2010down sensory prediction. Experiment 2 confirmed that this response depended on learning the audiovisual association, ruling out non\u2010specific mechanisms such as heightened arousal or an increase in the visual response when a non\u2010specific auditory stimulus is presented. These findings offer the first evidence of top\u2010down modulation of visual responses in neonates, suggesting this capacity exists at birth, significantly earlier than previously thought. This study suggests that top\u2010down predictive processing is crucial for early perceptual and cognitive development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.70114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T13:08:57Z","timestamp":1767100137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evidence of Top\u2010Down Sensory Prediction in Neonates Within 2\u00a0Days of Birth"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5411-5714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naiqi G.","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Neuroscience &amp; Behaviour McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Princeton University  Princeton New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire E.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Princeton University  Princeton New Jersey USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Colby College  Waterville Maine USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren L.","family":"Emberson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Princeton University  Princeton New Jersey USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology the University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3730\u201010.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198525998.003.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01828"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507062103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205413109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956\u20107976.2005.01531.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X1500031X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa340"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn161"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/33\/12\/008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00371"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.12.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21526"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2022.101148"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20560"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.plm.2019.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1510343112"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eswaran H. 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