{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T22:25:28Z","timestamp":1783463128337,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32571246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32571246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children with developmental dyslexia (DD) exhibit deficits in auditory temporal processing, potentially linking to their difficulties in reading. Previous studies in alphabetic languages have reported atypical neural synchronization to low\u2010frequency rhythms. For non\u2010alphabetic languages like Chinese, however, the specific frequency bands involved and the cognitive mechanisms through which such abnormalities might relate to reading outcomes are less clearly understood. In this study, we recorded Auditory Steady\u2010State Responses (ASSRs) from 64 Chinese children, including 38 with DD, in response to white noise amplitude\u2010modulated (AM) at 4\u00a0Hz (syllabic rhythm) and 30\u00a0Hz (phonemic rhythm). Findings revealed that children with DD exhibited atypical auditory temporal sampling patterns, marked by a trend toward excessive responses in the temporal cortex at 4\u00a0Hz and diminished responses in the frontal cortex at 30\u00a0Hz, particularly among older children in Grades 3\u20136 (DD:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 12,\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 10.88 years; typical development [TD]:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 15,\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 11.00 years). In addition, in TD children, temporal\u2010region ASSRs elicited by 4\u00a0Hz AM noise were indirectly associated with reading fluency via rapid automatized naming (RAN), whereas this pathway was not evident in children with dyslexia. These dual anomalies at the theta and low gamma bands may reflect a developmental failure in neural entrainment, disrupting both syllabic and phonemic\u2010level speech processing. This study provides novel evidence for frequency\u2010 and region\u2010specific auditory processing deficits in Chinese children with DD, which also highlight the importance of considering both language\u2010specific characteristics and age\u2010related modulation in understanding the neural oscillatory mechanisms underlying dyslexia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Chinese children with dyslexia showed atypical auditory temporal sampling in theta and low gamma bands.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Auditory Steady\u2010State Responses (ASSRs) revealed neural deficits at 4 and 30\u00a0Hz in dyslexia.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Language\u2010specific phonological features influence auditory processing in developmental dyslexia.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The results underscore the importance of language context and age\u2010related modulation in understanding the neural oscillatory underlying dyslexia.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.70162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:34:59Z","timestamp":1773290099000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Atypical Theta and Low Gamma Band Auditory Sampling in Chinese Children With Developmental Dyslexia: An ASSR Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5237-1901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaru","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"},{"name":"School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2206-5288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education Faculty of Psychology Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junzhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key 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