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Resilience was often found to be negatively correlated with COVID\u201019 impacts. However, the role of resilience in directly shaping COVID\u201019 impacts on children remains unclear, as studies report conflicting evidence regarding the potential causal direction between COVID\u201019 impacts and resilience. Higher resilience could reduce COVID\u201019 impacts, while COVID\u201019 impacts may also disrupt or enhance resilience. Or it could be the case that the two are simply correlated due to shared underlying common factors. This preregistered study uses a twin\u2010based Direction of Causation modeling approach with data from 1166 twins (age:\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 12.59; 50.78% male; 85.08% White) to explore the causal direction between COVID\u201019 impacts and resilience. Resilience was assessed using the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM)\u2014Child Version, a child self\u2010report questionnaire assessing resources available for children's resilience. Findings revealed a causal effect such that resilience resources explained 32% variance in overall COVID\u201019 impacts, consistently buffering negative outcomes across multiple domains (e.g., social connections, general stress, and COVID\u2010related stress). A reciprocal causal effect was found for economic impacts, with resilience mitigating economic impacts and economic challenges enhancing resilience.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Symmary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Resilience has been found to be negatively associated with negative impacts of COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Using a national twin sample, we adopted a twin\u2010based Direction\u2010Of\u2010Causation Modeling approach to examine how COVID\u201019 impacts and resources for resilience influence each other.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We found that resilience resources causally reduce COVID\u201019 impacts, explaining 32% of the variance in how children experienced the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Findings in this study inform clinical and educational practice, highlighting the value of resilience\u2010building efforts to support children during and after crises.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.70172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T06:59:50Z","timestamp":1774335590000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["COVID\u201019 Impacts on Children and Resources for Resilience: What is the Direction of Causation?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3778-5772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongcui","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Center for Reading Research Florida State University  Tallahassee Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Florida State University  Tallahassee Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Callie W.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Center for Reading Research Florida State University  Tallahassee Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Florida State University  Tallahassee Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9793-0420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara A.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Waterloo  Waterloo Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agasisti T. 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