{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T22:25:27Z","timestamp":1783463127339,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated perceptual near transfer across the domains of language and music by examining how early exposure to a tonal language influences musical pitch perception in young children. Previous research has found a tonal language advantage in musical pitch perception in children, but this work often does not account for cultural and cognitive differences among participants. To address this, we compared musical pitch perception of U.S. kindergarten and 1st grade children enrolled in Mandarin immersion education to their peers in traditional English\u2010only education at the same school. This design allowed us to assess the emergent effects of early tonal language exposure on musical pitch perception with a culturally similar comparison group. Inclusion of a working memory measure provided the ability to account for cognitive differences as well. Results indicated that children enrolled in Mandarin\u2010immersion education demonstrated higher Mandarin lexical tone discrimination accuracy and greater musical pitch sensitivity relative to their peers in traditional English\u2010only education, even when differences in working memory were controlled for. Critically, mediation analyses showed that lexical tone accuracy for the most discernable condition statistically mediated the association between immersion education and musical pitch sensitivity. These results provide support for language\u2010to\u2010music perceptual transfer grounded in shared pitch\u2010processing and highlight the potential of tonal language immersion education to enhance perceptual abilities that benefit learning music.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Compared musical pitch perception of young US children enrolled in Mandarin\u2010language immersion education to their peers enrolled in English\u2010only education at the same school.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Mandarin\u2010immersion education is associated with children's enhanced ability to discriminate musical pitch, even when differences in working memory are controlled for.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Mediation analyses revealed lexical tone accuracy for the most discernable trials mediated the relationship between immersion education and musical pitch sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>These results provide support for language\u2010to\u2010music perceptual near transfer, grounded in shared pitch\u2010processing mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.70201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T12:35:14Z","timestamp":1777120514000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Tones to Tunes: Emerging Associations Between Tonal Language Immersion Education and Musical Pitch Perception in Children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3923-4117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tessa M.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department Grand Valley State University  Allendale Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5778-0306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department Grand Valley State University  Allendale Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2989-3864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Swets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department Grand Valley State University  Allendale Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2021.104847"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144225"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00321"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100422"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.128.4.612"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.32.1.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2011.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060676"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44217\u2010022\u201000001\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pmu0000162"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780192894700.013.0017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716414000496"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-023-01416-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12503"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-006-0146-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09541440802708136"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36393-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0879-23.2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2004.21.3.339"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00146"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01777"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","volume-title":"Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics","author":"Green D. M.","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0000604"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2990713"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000912000281"},{"issue":"2021","key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Language Experience Shapes Music Processing Across 40 Tonal, Pitch\u2010Accented, and Non\u2010Tonal Languages","volume":"10","author":"Liu J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","volume-title":"Detection Theory: A User's Guide","author":"Macmillan N. A.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.2.199"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5923\/j.ijpbs.20110101.05"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Bilingualism and the Brain: Benefits for Language, Cognition, and Music Perception","volume":"48","author":"Moreno S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn120"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0023830919834679"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","first-page":"1083","article-title":"Musicians Show Enhanced Neural Processing of Tones in Mandarin Chinese Speakers","volume":"53","author":"Nan Y.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","volume-title":"Music and Culture","author":"Nettl B.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104771"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2025.105743"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00142"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","first-page":"114","article-title":"Music and Language: A New Synthesis","volume":"19","author":"Patel A. D.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00145"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","first-page":"1184","article-title":"Musical Training Enhances Processing of Linguistic Prosody in 6\u2010 to 8\u2010Year\u2010Old Children","volume":"84","author":"Perez E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.71.6.1385"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.2025. \u201cR: A Language and Environment for Statistical computing.\u201dR Foundation for Statistical Computing.https:\/\/www.R\u2010project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104777"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421\u2010020\u201001060\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/aca0000263"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003016830-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xhp0001116"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010psych\u2010032323\u2010051354"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","article-title":"The Combined Effects of Bilingualism and Musicianship on Listeners' perception of Non\u2010Native Lexical Tones","volume":"165","author":"Shao J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","first-page":"2928","article-title":"Differential Sensitivity to Speech and Music in Highly Experienced Musicians","volume":"93","author":"Stagray J. R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","first-page":"645","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Music and the Brain","author":"Swaminathan S.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00855"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v059.i05"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716419000535"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/aca0000481"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62155-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033424"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","first-page":"303","article-title":"Musical Experience Shapes human Brain Stem Encoding of Vocal Pitch","volume":"10","author":"Wong P. C. M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.06.003"}],"container-title":["Developmental Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/desc.70201","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/desc.70201","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/desc.70201","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T22:03:28Z","timestamp":1783461808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/desc.70201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/desc.70201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/desc.70201","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1363-755X","1467-7687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1363-755X","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-7687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70201"}}