{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T14:20:44Z","timestamp":1783088444942,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Coordination of caregivers\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 50, five fathers and 45 mothers) and 9\u2010month\u2010old infants\u2019 (15 girls, 34 boys, one not reported) gaze during naturalistic play with a puzzle and activity board was examined using the Actor\u2013Partner Interdependence Model within a Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling framework. This approach allows for the simultaneous estimation of each partner's effect on their own subsequent looking and on their partner's subsequent looking. Analysis of gaze data from head\u2010mounted eye trackers worn by North American, middle\u2010class, racially and ethnically diverse caregivers and infants (21 infants and 25 parents were White and not Hispanic; the remaining identified as Asian, Black, Multiracial, or another race, and\/or as Hispanic) revealed that infants\u2019 and caregivers\u2019 looks at a moment was related both to their own subsequent looks and to their partners\u2019 subsequent looks. Moreover, infants\u2019 looks to their parents\u2019 faces more strongly predicted parents\u2019 subsequent looks to their infants\u2019 faces than the reverse, suggesting that mutual gaze was primarily driven by infants\u2019 attention. In contrast, there was no difference in infants\u2019 or parents\u2019 influence on their partners\u2019 looking at objects, indicating that joint attention emerged through mutual coordination. Furthermore, there was a stronger effect of gaze on subsequent gaze for infants than for parents, suggesting that infants\u2019 attention was more sustained and less flexible than that of their caregivers. This work highlights the co\u2010constructed nature of the moment\u2010to\u2010moment coordination of attention between caregivers and infants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We applied the Actor\u2013Partner Interdependence Model within Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling to capture second\u2010by\u2010second coordination of attention between caregivers and their 9\u2010month\u2010old infants.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We replicated in two naturalistic play settings that infants rarely look at parents\u2019 faces and look more towards objects than caregivers.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We demonstrated that parents and infants influence each other's subsequent in\u2010the\u2010moment attention during episodes of mutual gaze and joint attention.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Mutual gaze was primarily infant\u2010driven, whereas object\u2010focused joint attention was reciprocal between partners; infants also showed \u201cstickier\u201d attention than caregivers.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.70210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T04:53:05Z","timestamp":1778043185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Moment\u2010to\u2010Moment Coordination of Parent\u2010Infant Visual Attention: An Actor\u2013Partner Interdependence Framework Within Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8114-8482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erim","family":"K\u0131z\u0131ldere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind and Brain and Department of Psychology University of California  Davis California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharine Graf","family":"Estes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind and Brain and Department of Psychology University of California  Davis California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2572-2424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mijke","family":"Rhemtulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6701-2853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Oakes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind and Brain and Department of Psychology University of California  Davis California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12365"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643\u2010025\u201001896\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130217"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2017.1406803"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517\u20106161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20107687.2005.00445.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2018.1490648"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1166214"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.35.4.1079"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01650250444000405"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12204"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.14228"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15475441.2025.2529892"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.24.3.398"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108624.2011.01670.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2321008121"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"The Handbook of Structural Equation Modeling","author":"Hamaker E. 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