{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:03:04Z","timestamp":1790258584146,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY29724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY29724"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>It is well\u2010documented that 5\u2010year\u2010olds consistently pass explicit false\u2010belief tasks\u2014one of the most common tests for assessing \u201cTheory of Mind\u201d (ToM). But what about younger children? While some studies find that 3\u2010 and 4\u2010year\u2010olds fail explicit false\u2010belief tasks, other studies find that these same age children pass such tasks, leading to confusion about exactly when, and why, children pass false\u2010belief tasks. Traditionally, explicit false\u2010belief tasks include scenarios with object changes (e.g., Smarties task) or location changes (e.g., Sally\u2010Anne task). However, object and location information are prioritized differentially throughout development, with preschoolers weighting cues about objects over locations. Thus, here we ask whether a child younger than 5 years old could pass an explicit false\u2010belief task about objects yet fail one about locations, hypothesizing that the development of information processing is a critical factor that contributes to false\u2010belief performance. To directly test this hypothesis, 3\u2010 to 5\u2010year\u2010olds participated in a novel explicit false\u2010belief task with independent object\u2010 and location\u2010change trials. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found i) that all participants performed significantly better on object than location trials, and ii) a significant number of 3\u2010 and 4\u2010year\u2010olds who passed the object trials yet failed the location trials. These findings demonstrate that when testing the development of false belief (or potentially any other cognitive abilities using object and location information), one must consider developmental differences in information processing, since such differences can yield opposite answers and, crucially, opposite conclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.70250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:15:14Z","timestamp":1783505714000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential Development of Object and Location Processing is a Critical Factor to a Child's Passing or Failing Explicit False\u2010Belief Tasks"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4954-1740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Rennert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5560-3907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annie","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcldehan","family":"Durman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Dilks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayzenberg V. S.Nag A.Krivoshik andS. F.Lourenco.2021.Spatial and Featural Cue Weighting in Children's Developing Object Representations.PsyArXiv.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/b3jg4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20108721.ep10770614"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010\u20100277(85)90022\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20108624.00333"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108624.1998.tb06236.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130919"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1166065"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109280.2008.02066.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12237"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2015.1092980"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0885\u20102014(95)90024\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"301","article-title":"Why Nouns Are Learned Before Verbs: Linguistic Relativity Versus Natural Partitioning","volume":"2","author":"Gentner D.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244141"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.03.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130386"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12445"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131761"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468\u20100017.00187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.07.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/370057a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1996.0050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044\u2010835X.1998.tb00921.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/6.3.161"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.32.1.70"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2012.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190792"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364\u20106613(97)01113\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2016.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12664"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107621"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364\u20106613(99)01362\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","first-page":"150","volume-title":"Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives from Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience","author":"Perner J.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044\u2010835X.1987.tb01048.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.581117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.2025.R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.R Foundation for Statistical Computing.https:\/\/www.R\u2010project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159\u2010022\u201000037\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00263"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221320009596694"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2018.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612447819"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109280.2005.01667.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108624.2009.01324.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1609203113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010\u20100277(91)90020\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0885\u20102014(95)90011\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010\u20100277(96)00709\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2008.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109280.2007.01944.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4117.003.0017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1993.1029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109280.2007.01943.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/026151099165203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau.2024.RACE. Decennial Census DEC Demographic and Housing Characteristics Table P8. Retrieved June 30 2026 from.https:\/\/data.census.gov\/table\/DECENNIALDHC2020.P8?g=050XX00US13121."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau.2024.Income in the Past 12 Months (in 2024 Inflation\u2010Adjusted Dollars). American Community Survey ACS 1\u2010Year Estimates Subject Tables Table S1901. Retrieved June 30 2026 from.https:\/\/data.census.gov\/table\/ACSST1Y2024.S1901?q=incomeg=050XX00US13121."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20108624.00304"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108624.2004.00691.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0391"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0010\u20100277(99)00035\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010\u20100277(83)90004\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/358749a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1996.0005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.01.008"}],"container-title":["Developmental Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/desc.70250","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/desc.70250","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/desc.70250","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:32:49Z","timestamp":1790256769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/desc.70250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/desc.70250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/desc.70250","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1363-755X","1467-7687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1363-755X","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-7687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70250"}}