{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:02:26Z","timestamp":1790258546963,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Children's ability to self\u2010regulate varies across days and contextual demands. However, the predominant approach in developmental science is to assess self\u2010regulation at a single timepoint in one context, limiting our understanding of how and why children's self\u2010regulation skills vary intra\u2010 and inter\u2010individually. The present study addresses this gap by repeatedly observing children's self\u2010regulation in the classroom 10 times during two different classroom activities. The sample consisted of\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0201 Swiss kindergarteners (47.8% female,\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a05.4y.,\n                    <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.6). We assessed children's self\u2010regulation using an observational measure that captures two self\u2010regulation dimensions: attention control and inhibitory control. To analyze self\u2010regulation variability, we used multilevel location\u2010scale models in a dynamic structural equation modeling framework. The findings indicated substantial intra\u2010individual variability in self\u2010regulation across the 10 classroom observations. Moreover, children differed significantly in the degree of intra\u2010individual variability. When controlling for class membership, differences in attention control variability were related to the teacher\u2010student relationship closeness. Differences in inhibitory control variability were associated with children's gender, with boys showing higher variability than girls. Overall, the present findings indicate that young children's self\u2010regulation skills can vary substantially across days and classroom activities. These findings emphasize the importance of considering the role of momentary regulatory demands in children's self\u2010regulation capacities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.70262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T04:44:08Z","timestamp":1786423448000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intra\u2010Individual Variability in Children's Self\u2010Regulation in Kindergarten Classrooms: An Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3866-610X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora Tilda","family":"Kunz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Psychology University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niamh","family":"Oeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Psychology University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2021.105131"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001415"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2017.1406803"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Practical Aspects of Dynamic Structural Equation Models","author":"Asparouhov T.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567\u2010019\u201000288\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09669760.2021.1997726"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"202","volume-title":"Measuring Noncognitive Skills in School Settings: Assessments of Executive Function and Social\u2010Emotional Competencies","author":"Barnes S. P.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000436"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.725828"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010psych\u2010010814\u2010015221"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2024.101908"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012109890-2\/50042-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003\u2010066X.32.7.513"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802\u2010015\u20100060\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Child Psychology: A Handbook of Contemporary Issues","author":"Calkins S. D.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"172","volume-title":"Handbook of Child Development and Early Education: Research to Practice","author":"Calkins S. D.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2007.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr0102_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2012.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2025.2578816"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence6020017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010psych\u2010113011\u2010143750"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000076"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620904771"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12700"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07342829221143208"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025416687412"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2008.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2332858419829438"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12533"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177011136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386\u2010018\u20100179\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2018.1446819"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20108624.00301"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2022.2160721"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13280"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2017.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520601139839"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2021.1916394"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","unstructured":"Jones S. M. R.Bailey S. P.Barnes andA.Partee.2016.Executive Function Mapping Project: Untangling the Terms and Skills Related to Executive Function and Self\u2010Regulation in Early Childhood.OPRE Report# 2016\u201388.1\u20132."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2014.1003772"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.371"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2021.101013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.14100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13214"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tine.2022.100182"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2022.101063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13717"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11588\/josar.2016.2.34357"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2024.101659"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014240"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","volume-title":"The Regulation\u2010Related Skills Measure","author":"McCoy D. C.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13250"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000250"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2024.101532"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2023.2199658"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010076108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108721.2009.01619.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000159"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02654075221116788"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010devpsych\u2010121318\u2010085005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935\u2010019\u201000556\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-3984.1991.tb00363.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","volume-title":"Mplus User's Guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n L. K.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2016.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12675"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09637214241311919"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620966792"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pianta R. C. andS.Nimetz.1991. \u201cStudent\u2010Teacher Relationship Scale (STRS) [Database Record].\u201dAPA PsycTests.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t11872\u2010000.","DOI":"10.1037\/t11872-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.2020.R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria.https:\/\/www.R\u2010project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000227"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108624.2009.01378.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039829"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2017.1392862"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750\u20108606.2011.00194.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13573"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep3902_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr2502_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10481881509348831"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2015.1027699"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291170"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654317743200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.2478"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022102033002002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163\u20106383(02)00140\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2012.672260"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029317"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540\u20105834.2006.00404.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894\u20104105.19.1.88"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12476"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0037-976X.2003.00266.x"}],"container-title":["Developmental Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/desc.70262","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/desc.70262","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/desc.70262","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:29:55Z","timestamp":1790256595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/desc.70262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/desc.70262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/desc.70262","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1363-755X","1467-7687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1363-755X","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-7687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70262"}}