{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:03:03Z","timestamp":1790258583161,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN\u20102020\u201005202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN\u20102020\u201005202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2CHD042849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2CHD042849"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Evidence suggests that bilingualism impacts children's lexical and brain development. Yet, the development of the brain's language network in early childhood\u2013a period marked by rapid vocabulary growth\u2013remains poorly understood, particularly with respect to differences between bilingual and monolingual children. This study used eye tracking and functional near\u2010infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to examine the cortical representations of lexical acquisition in frontal and temporal lobes. We relied on a fast mapping task that included three trial types: Familiar (familiar label\u2013referent mapping; e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>ball<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), Disambiguation (novel label\u2013referent mapping; e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>dax<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and Retention (long term retention of two novel referents). Sixty English\u2010learning monolingual and bilingual children (27\u201332 months), from a majority English\u2010speaking society, participated in the study. Results revealed that monolinguals showed increased looking to the novel referent during disambiguation trials, with a similar trend during retention. In contrast, bilinguals did not show reliable novel label\u2013referent mapping behavior. Brain activity differences between the language groups emerged in right temporal regions during disambiguation trials, with bilinguals showing increasing HbO activity in this region, than monolinguals. Bilinguals\u2019 right hemisphere greater activity may reflect reduced automaticity in the use of disambiguation. These results offer foundational insight into neural markers supporting lexical acquisition, especially for those who may struggle in language acquisition such as late talkers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.70272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:26:41Z","timestamp":1787498801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinct Neural Signatures of Novel Word\u2013Referent Mapping in Monolingual and Bilingual Toddlers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8343-299X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria M.","family":"Arredondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drew","family":"Weatherhead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia 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