{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T01:20:56Z","timestamp":1787448056057,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787356800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Adult and young bilinguals co\u2010activate their languages to different degrees, even in entirely monolingual tasks. However, many studies use translation pairs with high phonological overlap (e.g., the English\u2010GERMAN: \u201cmilk\u201d\u2010\u201cMILCH\u201d), making it difficult to discern the origin of the co\u2010activation. This study examined language co\u2010activation in Catalan\u2010Spanish bilingual toddlers using words with minimal phonological overlap across translations. Thirty Catalan\u2010Spanish bilingual three\u2010year\u2010olds (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2005 = \u200530;\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                    = \u200536.38 months, range = 35.57\u201337.43) participated in a visual word paradigm conducted entirely in Catalan, searching for an absent target named in Catalan (e.g., \u201capple\u201d in Catalan: \u201c\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content>p<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      oma\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\u201d Spanish: \u201c\n                    <jats:styled-content>M<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ANZANA\u201d) among images with labels that shared the initial phoneme across languages or were unrelated. The design included three types of images: (a) direct phonologically related (e.g., Spanish \u201c\n                    <jats:styled-content>P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ATO\u201d for \u201cduck\u201d), (b) indirect phonologically related (e.g., Catalan \u201c\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content>m<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      itj\u00f3\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    \u201d for \u201csock\u201d), and (c) unrelated (e.g., \u201cbrush,\u201d \u201csandwich\u201d). If bilingual toddlers co\u2010activate languages, they should look more at phonologically related than unrelated images due to shared phonological onsets. The results supported the hypotheses and provided solid evidence that young bilinguals co\u2010activate phonologically related words in their familiar languages. Moreover, contrasting direct and indirect (translation\u2010mediated) competitors showed that language co\u2010activation unfolds dynamically, with timing shaped by the number of links involved.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.70273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:39:55Z","timestamp":1787445595000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["First Sounds, Second Language: How Word Onsets Spark Language Co\u2010Activation in 3\u2010Year\u2010Old Bilinguals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3518-8117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Avila\u2010Varela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Future of Education (IFE) Tecnol\u00f3gico De Monterrey  Bilbao Spain"},{"name":"School of Arts and Humanities, Center of Linguistics University of Lisbon  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Center For Brain and Cognition (CBC), Department of Engineering Universitat Pompeu Fabra  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6938-2498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuria","family":"Sebastian\u2010Galles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Brain and Cognition (CBC), Department of Engineering Universitat Pompeu Fabra  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1747021817737214"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001290"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106466"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105071"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327078IN0201_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ\u20102017\u2010066"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2016.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.508363"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728902003012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2019.104086"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.14170"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","unstructured":"Garcia\u2010Castro G. 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