{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:06:05Z","timestamp":1790766365076,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRK2906\/502807174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK2906\/502807174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRK2070\/254142454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK2070\/254142454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB1528(CognitionofInteraction)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB1528(CognitionofInteraction)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Metacognition\u2014the capacity to represent and reflect upon our knowledge and its sources\u2014is fundamental for higher cognition and learning. Developmental research suggests that the ability to make explicit metacognitive judgments emerges surprisingly late, not before school age. However, this research has assumed that metacognition is optimized for private reflection and therefore tested children's metacognitive judgments in individual settings. In contrast, recent theoretical approaches propose that explicit metacognition may have a primarily social function and should therefore become most evident in socio\u2010communicative contexts. We tested this proposal across four pre\u2010registered studies (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 195). First, we conducted two studies in which 3\u2010 and 5\u2010year\u2010old children participated in a social version of a well\u2010established metacognition task (\n                    <jats:italic>partial ignorance task<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Children had to communicate their uncertainty towards a cooperative partner who relied on their advice. Even 3\u2010year\u2010olds provided accurate metacognitive judgments under these conditions: They spontaneously and explicitly reported uncertainty when they were partially ignorant, but not when they were knowledgeable. Two control studies yielded mixed evidence regarding the question whether the enhanced metacognitive performance in the first two studies was indeed mainly due to the socio\u2010communicative context rather than other factors. Overall, the current findings suggest that explicit metacognition manifests earlier in development than previously assumed and may be boosted in some\u2014particularly socio\u2010communicative\u2014contexts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.70287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:42:01Z","timestamp":1790764921000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three\u2010year\u2010old Children Make Explicit Metacognitive Judgments \u2013 If Asked Appropriately"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6736-8381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlene M.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Developmental Psychology Georg\u2010August\u2010University G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8799-9165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Proft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Developmental Psychology Georg\u2010August\u2010University G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5139-0289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Engelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of California, Berkeley  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3296-0551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannes","family":"Rakoczy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Developmental Psychology Georg\u2010August\u2010University G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0420"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20107687.2008.00725.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199646739.001.0001","volume-title":"Foundations of Metacognition","author":"Beran M. 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