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However, emerging evidence suggests that children in low\u2010income contexts may demonstrate resilience in executive function (EF) development. This study examined the predictors of EF in South African preschoolers from disadvantaged communities to identify modifiable, context\u2010specific influences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      125 Children (aged 3\u20135 years) and their caregivers were recruited from 15 early childhood centers in Cape Town. Children completed three tablet\u2010based EF tasks from the Early Years Toolbox measuring working memory, inhibition, shifting, while caregivers reported on demographic variables, household assets, child sleep, child screen time, child exposure to violence, and parenting practices. Multiple linear regressions examined predictors of child EF, with exploratory analyses on a subset (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 22) for hair cortisol analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Older child age (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.37,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), caregiver secondary education (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.22,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003), and fewer sleep difficulties (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u20130.45,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.042) significantly predicted higher child EF scores, together explaining 25% of variance. Household assets, screen time, violence exposure, and parenting scores were non\u2010significant. In the subsample, hair cortisol concentration correlated positively with EF (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.55,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.009), suggesting potential adaptive calibration under adversity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings highlight that modifiable proximal factors (e.g., caregiver education and child sleep) shape EF development more strongly than socioeconomic indicators. Results challenge the presumed universality of SES\u2010EF gradients and underscore the importance of culturally grounded, contextually validated measures for understanding resilience and early cognitive development in Majority World settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.70289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T07:54:25Z","timestamp":1791964465000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring a Range of Potential Factors Promoting and Constraining EF in South African Preschoolers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2644-7081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Beukes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC\/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caylee","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC\/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1258-3210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Early Start and School of Education University of Wollongong  Wollongong NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6371-8875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaia","family":"Scerif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7922-4848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher F.","family":"Sharpley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience University of New England  Armidale NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences University of New England  Armidale NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2885-437X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Draper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC\/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00735"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17953\/amer.34.1.l3176027k4q614v5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12937"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nuf.12327"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000311"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244015590840"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"Assari S. andH.Zare.2025. \u201cHigh Socioeconomic Status Black Adolescents Attend Worse Schools than Whites.\u201dOpen Journal of Educational Research [Internet]. 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