{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:56:49Z","timestamp":1791284209736,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003986","name":"Jacobs Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003986","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A growing body of research has aimed to map the characteristics of extraordinary altruists\u2014such as those who have donated a kidney to a stranger. However, this research has primarily focused on adults, and we know little about the development of extraordinary altruism. While children cannot donate their organs to strangers nor large portions of their income to charity, they can choose not to eat animals. In this study we examine\n                    <jats:italic>independent vegetarians<\/jats:italic>\n                    (i.e., children who become vegetarian while being raised in meat eating families) as a potential case\u2010study of extraordinarily altruistic motivation. In retrospective adult (Study 1) and developmental samples (Study 2) of American participants, we compare independently vegetarian children to family vegetarians and non\u2010vegetarians on measures of empathy\/compassion, disgust sensitivity, cognitive reflection, fearful facial recognition, social dominance orientation, and speciesism. We find that both independent and family vegetarians were lower in speciesism and SDO, and higher in disgust sensitivity and empathy\/compassion, with these differences emerging almost exclusively in the retrospective adult sample. Crucially, and contrary to our hypotheses, we find no differences between independent and family vegetarians, and discuss potential interpretations of this null result. These data offer new insight into a small body of literature about independent vegetarians and show that similar traits are associated with both family and independent vegetarianism.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.70292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:44:22Z","timestamp":1791283462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Choosing Not to Eat Meat: What Characterizes Independently Vegetarian Children?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3814-3763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti","family":"Wilks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1812-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexa","family":"Sacchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224540009600481"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amormino P. M.Ploe andA.Marsh.2022. \u201cMoral Foundations Values and Reasoning in Extraordinary Altruists.\u201d Preprint. In Review.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs\u20101762722\/v1.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26418-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167211424291"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.93.1.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.958248"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105299"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology","author":"Bem D. J.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","volume-title":"Just Babies: The Origins of Good and Evil","author":"Bloom P.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13168901"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797618779590"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12004"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","volume-title":"Current Challenges and Advances in Organ Donation and Transplantation","author":"Busari K.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105721"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2021.1898941"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","unstructured":"Loarte Castro M.2023.Vegan Students' Discrimination and Bullying at School [Master's thesis \u00c5bo Akademi University]. 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