{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T01:23:05Z","timestamp":1770513785431,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,19]],"date-time":"2016-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Developing World Bioethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Female genital alteration (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGA<\/jats:styled-content>) is any cutting, removal or destruction of any part of the external female genitalia. Various <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGA<\/jats:styled-content> practices are common throughout the world. While most frequent in Africa and Asia, transglobal migration has brought ritual <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGA<\/jats:styled-content> to Western nations. All forms of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGA<\/jats:styled-content> are generally considered undesirable for medical and ethical reasons when performed on minors. One ritual <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGA<\/jats:styled-content> procedure is the vulvar nick (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VN<\/jats:styled-content>). This is a small laceration to the vulva that does not cause morphological changes. Besides being performed as a primary ritual procedure it has been proposed as a substitute for more extensive forms of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGA<\/jats:styled-content>. Measures advocated or taken to reduce the burden of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGA<\/jats:styled-content> can be punitive or non\u2010punitive. Even if it is unethical to perform <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VN<\/jats:styled-content>, we argue that it also is unethical to attempt to suppress it through punishment. First, punishment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VN<\/jats:styled-content> is likely to cause more harm than good overall, even to those ostensibly being protected. Second, punishment is likely to exceed legitimate retributive ends. We do not argue in favor of performing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VN<\/jats:styled-content>. Rather, we argue that non\u2010punitive strategies such as education and harm reduction should be employed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/dewb.12135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,19]],"date-time":"2016-12-19T08:17:28Z","timestamp":1482135448000},"page":"134-140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Punishment of Minor Female Genital Ritual Procedures: Is the Perfect the Enemy of the Good?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Allan J.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kavita Shah","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,19]]},"container-title":["Developing World Bioethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdewb.12135","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdewb.12135","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dewb.12135","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T00:20:29Z","timestamp":1696378829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dewb.12135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,19]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dewb.12135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dewb.12135","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-8731","1471-8847"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-8731","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-8847","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,19]]}}}