{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T19:06:21Z","timestamp":1789239981130,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developing World Bioethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lack of transparency in healthcare systems is a critical challenge that undermines accountability, fuels corruption, and erodes public trust. While transparency has been shown to generate multiple positive outcomes, the Iranian healthcare system continues to suffer from significant deficits in this area. To investigate this issue, a qualitative approach was employed, which involved conducting 35 in\u2010depth interviews with experts and social activists engaged in healthcare system transparency at all levels, recruited through purposive stratified sampling method. This was followed by a thematic analysis aimed at exploring the causes and consequences of the phenomenon. The results indicated that the causes of the lack of transparency in the Iranian healthcare system can be categorized into four main domains: sociopolitical, psychological and behavioral, organizational, and ethical and legal factors. Additionally, the consequences of the lack of transparency can be classified into three primary categories: ethical, organizational, and social factors. The findings of this study provide needed data to enhance transparency and cultivate a culture of openness and accountability in the Iranian healthcare system and other similar contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/dewb.70015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T15:35:31Z","timestamp":1765121731000},"page":"172-184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Causes and Consequences of Lack of Transparency In Iran's Healthcare System: A Qualitative Interview Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8465-4383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Bouzarjomehri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, School of Public Health Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd Yazd Province Iran"},{"name":"Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Tehran Province Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Maleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Tehran Province Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0389-9571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iravan","family":"Masoudi\u2010Asl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Tehran Province Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5660-8048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ranjbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Health Insurance Research Tehran Tehran Province Iran"},{"name":"Department of Health Care Management, Health Policy and Management Research Center, School of Public Health Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd Yazd Province Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2900-3240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasaman","family":"Herandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, School of Public Health Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd Yazd Province Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0576-7660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Khosravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center Birjand University of Medical Sciences Birjand South Khorasan Province Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.910073"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2019.44"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"S.Folland A. 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