{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T17:25:51Z","timestamp":1787246751607,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developing World Bioethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Global health engagement (GHE) has emerged as a central instrument of foreign and defense policy across multiple nations, reflecting the growing convergence of health and national security. This manuscript examines the ethical and strategic roles of military health diplomacy and health security in GHE activities primarily oriented toward advancing national security objectives. It argues that military GHE is ethically justified only when it promotes health security alongside, rather than subordinate to, national security interests. Drawing on contemporary examples, including U.S. military medical efforts, medical coordination in Ukraine, and Indo\u2010Pacific health engagement activities, the paper highlights how military GHE strengthens partner capacity, enhances interoperability, and supports operational readiness. However, ethical challenges exist and must be addressed, including dual loyalty among military physicians, risks to medical neutrality, and perceptions of coercion or instrumentalization. The manuscript concludes that transparency, local partnership, and adherence to core ethical principles are essential to ensuring that military GHE remains both strategically effective and ethically legitimate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/dewb.70044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T11:16:33Z","timestamp":1780485393000},"page":"111-116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Roles of Military Health Diplomacy and Health Security When Conducting Global Health Engagements That Primarily Promote National Security"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Clinton K.","family":"Murray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Joint Staff Surgeon Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3591-588X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hunter Jackson","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division Silver Spring MD USA"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula C.","family":"Lodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command Ft. Detrick MD USA"},{"name":"Defense Health Agency Research and Development Ft. Detrick MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Department of Defense DoDI 2000.30 Global Health Engagement (GHE) Activities Washington DC 2017 https:\/\/www.esd.whs.mil\/Portals\/54\/Documents\/DD\/issuances\/dodi\/200030_dodi_2017.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Department of State America First Global Health Strategy Washington DC 2025 https:\/\/www.state.gov\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/America\u2010First\u2010Global\u2010Health\u2010Strategy\u2010Report.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global Health Engagement: A Crucial Tool to Enable Health Service Support Prior to Conflict and Its Vital Implications for Irregular Warfare Campaigning","author":"Facciolla C.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Military Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usae380"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usae242"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7249\/rhq-11-01-01","article-title":"Assessing Technology Platforms for Global Health Engagement to Support Integration of Efforts Across Geographic Combatant Commands","volume":"11","author":"Vedula P.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rand Health Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/military-2022-002335"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"US Department of Defense Office of Inspector General Evaluation of the Assessment Monitoring and Evaluation of Global Health Engagement Activities in USINDOPACOM USEUCOM and USAFRICOM (Report No. DODIG\u20102024\u2010XXX) 2024 https:\/\/media.defense.gov\/2024\/Jan\/30\/2003383800\/\u20101\/\u20101\/1\/DODIG\u20102024\u2010037_REDACTED%20SECURE.PDF."}],"container-title":["Developing World Bioethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dewb.70044","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dewb.70044","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dewb.70044","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:37:53Z","timestamp":1787243873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dewb.70044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dewb.70044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dewb.70044","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-8731","1471-8847"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-8731","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-8847","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}